Le PC yakudala, esivele ikhona isikhathi eside ibilokhu ibukela phansi ama-PC Labs e-PCMag isikhathi eside kunanoma ubani eqenjini lethu angakhumbula. Ngenxa yama-40 ayo amakhulu, sayihlanza... sabe sesiyihlukanisa.
Uma ufuna ukwenza ifilimu mayelana nokugubha iminyaka engama-40 yokuzalwa kwe-IBM PC (Agasti 12, 2021), ngizovotela isihloko esithi: Kuzoba nothuli. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi umsebenzi wami ukuthuthukisa ama-PC amadala e-IBM elebhu ye-PC ye-PCMag, ukuze avuselelwe ngezinsuku ezibalulekile. Hawu!
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ama-PC amathathu e-IBM kusukela ngawo-1980, ngalinye lihlonyiswe ngesikrini esifanelanayo, labamba ama-PC Labs futhi lawagcina emashalofini aphezulu. Imisebenzi yemyuziyamu isindile ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, ukufuduka kwamahhovisi amaningi, kanye nama-screwdriver abahlaziyi behadiwe abaningi abanolwazi. Sekuyisikhathi eside ikhona kangangokuthi akekho eqenjini lika-2021 ongakhumbula ukuthi agcina nini ukubhidlizwa, ukuhlanzwa uthuli nokumangala. Eqinisweni, akekho oqiniseka ngisho nokuthi ayimodeli enjani.
Ngachitha izinsuku eziningi ngihlanganisa futhi ngihlukanisa i-PC, kodwa angisiye umkhiqizo wesizukulwane sokuqala sama-PC. Ikhompyutha yami yokuqala, cishe ngo-1984, yayiyi-Commodore VIC-20 eshibhile. Ku-TV emnyama nomhlophe, ngathayipha izinhlelo ze-BASIC kumagazini kuyo futhi ngazigcina ku-cassette tape drive enzima. (Bengilokhu ngibafisela umona labo bangane abane-C64 enamandla kakhulu kanye ne-floppy disk yayo yangaphandle.) Ngachithwa ngenxa yedeskithophu ye-Apple Mac LC ngo-1991, ngabe sengiyi-Mac clone (Ingabe ukhona owakhumbula ama-UMAX SuperMacs?), bese kuba yi-PC clone yami yokuqala...Angikaze ngibheke emuva.
Okusho ukuthi: Ngiphuthelwe yizinkinga ezikhulayo ze-IBM PC eminyakeni eyi-10 yokuqala noma ngaphezulu. Kungani ngingahambisani nesikhathi esilahlekile ngo-2021?
Ngikhiphe ama-PC amathathu e-IBM e-PC Labs endaweni yokugcina. Ngemva kwemizuzu emihlanu yokusesha, ukusesha kanye nokukhuthaza ku-Google, ngathola ukuthi ama-PC amabili kwakuyi-IBM PC XT, imodeli yesizukulwane sesibili. (Ibheji elincane elithi "XT" elingaphambili kufanele libe yisipho esifile.) Abuyele eshalofini. Sizogcina le mikhiqizo emibili iminyaka engama-40 ye-PC XT ngoMashi 2023. Kodwa enye yazo ngempela yi-IBM PC Model 5150 - isibongo somndeni we-IBM PC yokuqala. (Hawu!) Kodwa kwakuwudoti ngaphakathi nangaphandle. (Shh!)
Esikhathini esidlule, i-PC Labs kungenzeka ukuthi yayinephathi ye-rave ku-Model 5150 yayo eyisisele ngesikhathi sokugubha iminyaka engama-20 noma engama-25 ye-IBM PC. Enye yama-floppy drive isusiwe yabekwa eceleni, kungenzeka ukuthi akuyona eyasekuqaleni. Abanye abantu abahlakaniphile bafake i-HD-DVD drive engxenyeni ye-drive bay engu-5.25-intshi enokuphakama okuphindwe kabili. (Uyakhumbula i-HD-DVD? Cishe akufanele wenze lokhu.) Enye ingxenye ine-hard drive endala, engcolile engu-5.25-intshi ye-Seagate ehlezi ngaphakathi, ishelela kancane.
Susa isivalo, ingaphakathi le-5150 lifana nemiphumela yephathi yobuzalwane. I-slime ensundu ithathe indawo kwezinye izintambo zeribhoni... ngandlela thile isanamathela. I-Coca-Cola ivuvukile? (Uma sicabangela ubudala, mhlawumbe yi-New Coke.) I-asidi yebhethri? Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini, ama-alcohol wipes angayixazulula. (Um.)
Igobolondo elixegayo: ikhadi le-interface le-hard drive ye-Seagate. Ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ushintsho oluxegayo olufana noluxegayo. Khipha lokho. Akulona uphawu oluhle futhi.
Sine-IBM PC Model 5150 eyodwa kuphela esetshenziswa kahle futhi evame ukusetshenziswa kabi. Ibhakhodi yenkampani evela ku-Ziff-Davis (inkampani engumzali we-PCMag iminyaka eminingi) ikhombisa ukuthi lokhu kwake kwaba yimpahla ye-IT, amandla amakhulu okuhlela isikhathi eside. I-PCMagger ethile enolwazi ikusindisile enqwabeni yezingcezu ukuze isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo.
Kwenziwa ukuhlola okuthile eduze kwebhodi lomama, futhi lokhu kutholakala eceleni komunye umkhawulo: "64KB-256KB CPU." Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi imodeli engu-5150 yayiyisibuyekezo sakamuva. Maye, i-IBM PC yethu akuyona "eyokuqala" yokuqala, i-OG 1981 PC. Yahlanganiswa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.
Ukuqagela okuhle kakhulu: 1984. Ilebula lendwangu elinamathiselwe ngaphakathi kwesipikha esisodwa libonisa ukuthi isipikha sakhiqizwa noma sahlanganiswa ngoSepthemba 1984, mhlawumbe eFlorida. Akucaci ukuthi ilebula liyiphi.
Inkinga iwukuthi i-PC "yasekuqaleni" ye-IBM eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1981 yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Model 5150, kodwa i-5150 yabuyekezwa kamuva. Yayikhiqizwa cishe ngawo-1980, yalungiswa futhi yathuthukiswa, futhi yathengiswa kanyekanye namamodeli akamuva, njengenguqulo elandelayo enkulu, i-IBM PC XT. Owasinda elabhorethri yethu akayena umuntu wasendulo, kodwa unesimo sangaphandle esifanayo nesibindi esifanayo.
Asinayo ikhibhodi ye-IBM esandleni, futhi ama-DOS floppy disks alahlekile iminyaka eminingi, ngakho-ke empeleni singenza izinto ezilinganiselwe kakhulu ngama-PC. Ukuyixhumanisa ne-monitor (okuningi ngalokho kamuva) nokuyiqala kuzobangela uchungechunge lwemisindo ethukuthele. Kodwa besifuna ukuqopha uhlelo ukuze singezelele ekushicilelweni kabusha kwe-PCMag kokubuyekezwa kokuqala kwe-IBM PC ngo-1981. Ungakubuka kusixhumanisi bese uphequlula umagazini wokuqala ku-Google Books (ingasaphathwa eyombuzo wethu wangemuva).
Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi ngithatha izithombe, ngenze lokho okwakungenziwa yinoma iyiphi inja yehadiwe ezihloniphayo: ukuyidiliza! Umthwebuli wezithombe wethu onesineke uMolly Flores (uMolly Flores) wema ukuze athathe izithombe. Senze ukucutshungulwa kwesitudiyo se-PCMag sika-2021 kuma-PC maphakathi nawo-1980. Kubonakala kuyishwa ukuchitha zonke lezi zithombe ezinhle, ngakho woza uzosivakashela.
Futhi, angisiye umntwana wenguquko yokuqala ye-PC maphakathi nawo-80s, ngakho-ke ukuhlaziya kwami lapha kuzoba kuhle kakhulu, futhi kuzolandela izinkumbulo ezinhle zomhleli oyinhloko wangaphambili uMichael Miller kwezinye izindawo, ubike mathupha. Ngakho-ke, ngicela ungiphathe kahle futhi ushiye izinkumbulo zakho kumazwana angaphansi kwesihloko!
Okokuqala kunezithombe ezithakazelisayo zemoto endala engu-5150. UMolly uyenza ibukeke iyinhle kakhulu kunalokho ebukeka ngakho. Ngisebenzisa insipho ethambile namathawula ukukhuhla i-chassis, ngifaka ama-alcohol wipes ukuze ngisuse ukungcola okuqinile, futhi ngisebenzise umoya osemathinini ukuhlanza onogwaja abanothuli ngaphakathi. Ukhuhle okusele ku-Photoshop.
Leyo yimonitha ye-IBM 5151 phezulu kwekesi. Lena yi-CRT enombala owodwa ngokuphelele enesisombululo esihle kakhulu sendabuko...izinhlamvu ezingu-80, imigqa engu-25. (Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lezi yizinhlamvu, hhayi amaphikseli.) I-Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) ye-IBM, ikhadi levidiyo lokuqala, yayingasebenzisa iphaneli, yize samangala lapho sivula ikesi. (Kuzochazwa ngokuningiliziwe kamuva.)
...Azikho ezinye izilawuli esibukweni, ngisho neswishi yokuvula/yokuvala. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi imonitha ixhuma ngqo ngemuva kwekesi le-PC ngezintambo ezimbili eziqinile...
...Eyodwa yokunikezwa kwamandla kanye neyodwa yesignali yevidiyo. (Sizohlanganisa la makhadi, ama-port, kanye nama-socket kamuva.) Ukunika amandla ideskithophu ye-PC kuzophinde kunike amandla i-monitor.
Ngakho-ke lapha sine-chassis yangaphandle yohlobo lwe-5150, ehlanzekile kunangonyaka ka-1986...
Ama-drive amabili okuqala angama-floppy disk angu-5.25 intshi anama-lever akhiyayo ahambisana ne-ka-chunk eyanelisayo. Sizowethula ngokuningiliziwe kamuva; sizowakhipha. (Ngempela, kwadingeka ngibuyisele lezi zithombe endaweni yazo; iqoqo elidala lemyuziyamu lathathelwa indawo emashumini eminyaka edlule.)
Lokhu ukubuyekezwa kwephaneli yangemuva yonke. Kunamakhadi amathathu kusikhala sekhadi sokunwetshwa kwe-ISA, futhi isikhala esingasetshenziswanga asinaso isembozo, osekuyisikhathi eside kusukela lapho.
Ungabona futhi uphawu oludala oluthi "Made in USA" ngaphezulu kwebheji lokuhlonza imodeli. Mangaki ama-desktop ongawasho manje?
Bese kuba namachweba aqinile ezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-IBM. Ngokusobala, ichweba le-cartridge alisetshenziswa kabanzi, ngoba izinguqulo eziningi ze-5150 ezithengiswayo zifaka i-floppy drive. (Noma yikuphi ukukhulunywa ngetheyiphu exhunywe kwi-PC kuzongenza ngithuthumele: Uma ngicabanga nge-VIC-20 yami, umsebenzi wami waqala ngezinhlobo zokuqala zesitoreji se-PC, eziningi zazo ezazivela kuma-tape drive afana ne-Exabyte, i-Iomega, ne-Tandberg ngawo-1990. .)
Iswishi yamandla eyinhloko itholakala kuphaneli elingakwesokudla, eduze kwangemuva. Ihambisana nokuchofoza okuhle nokunomzimba. Ngeke usayithola iswishi enjalo yogunyazo kudeskithophu yakho, lokho kuqinisekile. Mhlawumbe yi-console yokulwa.
Ngokuphathelene namachweba asele e-PC, atholakala ngemuva kwamakhadi amaningana okunweba. Elinomshini we-RCA ngakwesobunxele ngokusobala liyikhadi lehluzo; imonitha yohlobo lwe-5151 isebenzisana nesixhumi se-9-pin. Kodwa yini engakwesokudla?
Ngimdala ngokwanele ukukhumbula amakhadi e-SCSI nama-port ahambisanayo, futhi kubukeka njengalawa akamuva. Kunendlela eyodwa kuphela yokuthola. (Ukuze uthole ukuthi benginephutha, yilokho kuphela.)
Into eyodwa okudingeka icace: konke mayelana ne-IBM PC yokuqala kuyasinda. Igama elikhulu le-IBM lalaziwa ngesiteketiso esithi "Big Iron", kodwa le khompyutha yedeskithophu ifanelana nesimo se-"Little Iron" (yize yebo, icala empeleni liyinsimbi). Liqinile futhi lisinda.
Isembozo siyiqiniso kakhulu. Sishelele phambili ukuze usisuse; ungasibeki ezinyaweni zakho. Ngishiye lolu hlaka olukhazimulayo olungenalutho...
...Ngaphandle kwesekethe enkulu nethambile ye-dual floppy drive, ayibukeki ingajwayelekile uma iqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zedeskithophu zanamuhla.
Ngempela, ngogesi, ilebula elingaphezulu ligugile kakhulu, kodwa ukwakheka kwalo kujwayelekile, futhi kukhona ngisho nesixhumi samandla esiyinhloko kanye... nesixhumi se-Molex ebhodini lomama! Lokhu kusasebenza nanamuhla.
Ngifuna ukungena ngokujulile ebhodini lomama, ngakho-ke ezinye izingxenye kufanele zithuthwe. Khipha ikhadi lokunweba kuqala, bese ulicindezela kuphaneli yangemuva ngezikulufo.
Lena ngeyokuqala, futhi ixhunywe kudrayivu ye-floppy ngekhebula leribhoni. Lelo ikhadi lokulawula idrayivu ye-floppy. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakudingeka kufakwe ukuxhumana okuningi okuyisisekelo kwesistimu ngamakhadi okunweba...
Ungabona ukuthi ikhebula leribhoni langaphakathi lisaxhunyiwe; liboshwe ngentambo edayisy kumadiski amabili e-floppy angu-5.25 intshi. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lubonisa ukuthi leli khadi liyinguqulo ebuyekeziwe yekhadi lokulawula. I-port yangaphandle ingeyama-floppy drive angaphandle; akuyona i-SCSI noma i-port parallel.
Leli khadi elikhulu lezithombe lide njengamakhadi ezithombe asezingeni eliphezulu esimanje, futhi angaphezu kwengxenye yawo aqiniswe ngamabhodi endodakazi. Umthombo waleli khadi uyimfihlakalo kancane futhi udinga umsebenzi wesikole. Leli akulona ikhadi le-MDA eliyisisekelo le-IBM. Ekuqaleni ngangicabanga ukuthi kungaba ukuthuthukiswa kwangemva kokuthengisa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyinkinga ye-IBM. I-IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), ibhodi lendodakazi liyisandiso sememori yezithombe, futhi lifakwe ubuso nobuso nekhadi. (Ikhadi linememori yezithombe engu-64K ejwayelekile.) Okwandulela i-VGA, kungasetshenziswa ekukhipheni umbala kufika ku-640 x 350. ukunethezeka!
Ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla, leli khadi liyisilo esingavamile. Kukhona ungqimba lwepulasitiki olucwebezelayo ngemuva kwekhadi lendodakazi ukuvimbela ukujiya okwengeziwe ukuthi kungaxhumani nekhadi le-ISA eliseduze futhi mhlawumbe kubangele i-short circuit. Ibhulokhi elibomvu ("Grayhill") ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla lisethi yamaswishi e-DIP okulungiselela ukusebenza kwekhadi ngokuya ngesibonisi osisebenzisayo. (Sizobona ezinye zalezi zinto kamuva.)
Lokho kungama-chips amaningi nama-solder joints. Ngokwazi kwami, kungenye yamakhadi e-Intel abizwa ngokuthi "onboard" ISA memory expansion. Lena yindlela owandisa ngayo imemori yesistimu eyinhloko, kudala ngaphambi kokuba ama-DIMM nama-SO-DIMM ajwayelekile e-PC abonakale emehlweni omuntu.
Leli ibhodi lamazwe ngamazwe kakhulu. Uma ubhekisisa, ama-chip amaningi (ubhubhane lwe-NEC memory module) enziwa eJapan, kodwa amanye enziwa eMalaysia, eMexico, nase-El Salvador. Amanye angenabo ubuzwe obucacile angenziwa nase-United States. Akuyona nje ikhadi le-ISA kodwa kuyingqungquthela yeZizwe Ezihlangene.
Ngakho-ke lokhu kusibuyisela kubhodi lomama. Kodwa ukuze ususe ibhodi lesifunda udinga ukususa enye yama-floppy drive, okuvimbela ukufinyelela kwenye yezikulufo eziyibopha ku-chassis. Ngakho-ke, susa ikhebula leribhoni bese unqamula isixhumi samandla sedrayivu engakwesokunxele...
Bese ukhipha isikulufu, ukhulule izikulufu ezimbili, bese idrayivu iphuma ebhokisini njenganoma iyiphi idivayisi enhle engamasentimitha angu-5.25 ngaphambili...
Lesi isixhumi se-Molex esijwayelekile esinika amandla idrayivu; ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo zisasetshenziswa kumakhompyutha omuntu siqu nanamuhla...
Ngakho-ke, leso sikulufu sesikhiye sivezwa ebhodini lomama! Izikulufu ezimbalwa ezisekhoneni (amakhanda avamile esikhundleni samakhanda e-Philips, okuyisimanga) kulula ukuzisusa. Kodwa ibhodi lomama liphinde libanjwe yizigxobo zokuxhuma zepulasitiki ezimbi kancane, ezidlula ezimbobeni ebhodini lomama. Kumelwe uzicindezele kancane ngeminwe yakho noma nge-pliers, bese uzidlulisa ezimbobeni zokufaka zebhodi lesifunda. Inkinga ukuthi ukhulula ezinye, bese ziphinde zivele uma usebenza kwezinye. Udinga izandla eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa ukuze uzicindezele ngesikhathi esisodwa!
Kodwa-ke, isiguli sazikhulula zonke ngemizuzu engaba yi-10, futhi ibhodi lomama laphuma eceleni kwebhokisi...
Yeka umbono omangalisayo! Akuyona into engavamile. Nakuba kukhona umehluko ocacile, lokhu akukude ngamamayela ayizigidi ukusuka kumabhodi e-motherboard anamuhla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lena yiphaneli yonke ye-port ye-I/O...
Manje, lawa mabhodi e-PC okuqala awanawo i-BIOS njengoba siyazi. Ulungiselele ihadiwe yakho ngamaswishi e-DIP futhi wayisebenzisa kanye nencwadi yemiyalelo (kungase kube nezingcingo eziphuthumayo zokusekela ubuchwepheshe noma kumlingani wakho we-geek)...
Ngikukhumbule lokhu kwamanye ama-PC clone enganginawo kamuva. (Ngisakhumbula ukuthi ngangiwazonda.) Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zalaba bantu ababi abaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ebhodini le-5150.
Futhi kuyasebenza: inkumbulo eyengeziwe. Isivele ihlanganiswe lapha. Sesihambile enkathini ye-DIMM etholakala yonke indawo. Ubuningi bememori abukafiki ezingeni abalidingayo ukuze bathole inkumbulo eyanele ku-memory stick yalolu hlobo... hhayi ngisho nokusondela.
Lesi yisixhumi samandla esiyinhloko sebhodi lomama. Ngaphambi kokudonsa ibhodi lomama, nginqamule intambo eyinhloko yomthombo wamandla. Kuyinto engaziwa kubhodi lomama elijwayelekile le-ATX 20+4 njengoba silazi namuhla, kodwa liyikhokho elisobala.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi i-motherboard yakamuva, into eyodwa esobala ukuthi ayikho yile: Ikuphi i-CPU, isokhethi le-CPU, kanye nesinki yokushisa? Nokho, lokhu kudinga ukuhlolwa okuthile, kodwa ekugcineni sithole i-chip...
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 10-2021