Wannan kwamfutar PC ta gargajiya, wacce aka daɗe ana amfani da ita, ta daɗe tana kallon PCMag's PC Labs fiye da yadda kowa a cikin ƙungiyarmu zai iya tunawa. Domin girmanta na 40, mun tsaftace ta... sannan muka raba ta.
Idan kana son yin fim game da cika shekaru 40 da haihuwar IBM PC (12 ga Agusta, 2021), zan kaɗa ƙuri'a don taken: Za a yi ƙura. Wannan saboda aikina shine in inganta tsoffin kwamfutocin IBM a cikin dakin gwaje-gwajen PC na PCMag, don a iya farfaɗo da su a ranakun da suka fi muhimmanci. Kai!
Shekaru da dama, kwamfutocin IBM guda uku daga shekarun 1980, kowannensu yana da na'urar sanya ido mai dacewa, suna ɗaukar nauyin PC Labs kuma suna adana su a kan manyan kantuna. Ayyukan gidan kayan tarihi sun tsira daga amfani da gaske, ƙaura da yawa daga ofisoshi, da kuma sukurorin lantarki na masu nazarin kayan aiki marasa adadi. Sun daɗe suna nan har babu wanda ke cikin ƙungiyar 2021 da zai iya tunawa lokacin da aka rushe su a ƙarshe, aka yi musu ƙura aka kuma yi musu mamaki. A gaskiya ma, babu wanda ya san ko wane irin samfurin su ne.
Na shafe kwanaki da yawa ina haɗa kwamfuta da wargaza ta, amma ni ba samfurin ƙarni na farko na kwamfuta ba ne. Kwamfuta ta farko, a kusan 1984, Commodore VIC-20 ce mai araha. A talabijin mai launin baƙi da fari, na buga shirye-shiryen BASIC a cikin mujallar kuma na adana su a cikin na'urar kaset mai wahala. (Ina jin kishin waɗancan abokai waɗanda ke da C64 mafi ƙarfi da faifan floppy ɗinsa na waje.) An ɓatar da ni don tebur na Apple Mac LC a 1991, sannan na yi amfani da Mac clone (Shin akwai wanda ya tuna da UMAX SuperMacs?), sannan na yi amfani da PC na lamba ɗaya... Ban taɓa waiwaya baya ba.
Wato: Na rasa wahalar da IBM PC ke sha a cikin shekaru 10 na farko ko makamancin haka. Me zai hana in ci gaba da ɓatar da lokaci a 2021?
Na cire kwamfutocin IBM guda uku na PC Labs daga wurin ajiya. Bayan kimanin mintuna biyar na bincike, bincike da ƙarfafawa na Google, na gano cewa kwamfutocin guda biyu sune IBM PC XT, samfurin ƙarni na biyu. (Ƙaramin alamar "XT" da ke gaba yakamata ya zama kyauta mara amfani.) Sun koma kan shiryayye. Za mu ajiye waɗannan samfuran guda biyu don cika shekaru 40 na PC XT a watan Maris na 2023. Amma ɗayansu hakika shine IBM PC Model 5150 - sunan iyali na PC na farko na IBM. (Hurray!) Amma rabin banza ne a ciki da waje. (Shh!)
A baya, PC Labs na iya yin liyafa a cikin kayan tarihin Model 5150 a bikin cika shekaru 20 ko 25 na IBM PC. An cire ɗaya daga cikin floppy drives ɗin kuma an ajiye shi a gefe, wataƙila ba shine na asali ba. Wasu mutane masu wayo sun saka HD-DVD drive a cikin rabin rumbun adana bayanai na inci 5.25 mai tsayi biyu. (Kuna tuna HD-DVD? Wataƙila bai kamata ku yi haka ba.) Ɗayan rabin yana da tsohon rumbun adana bayanai na Seagate mai datti inci 5.25 wanda ke zaune a ciki, yana zamewa a hankali.
Cire murfin, cikin motar 5150 kamar bayan wani biki ne na 'yan'uwa. Laka mai launin ruwan kasa ya mamaye wasu igiyoyi... ta wata hanya har yanzu yana manne. Coca-Cola ya zube? (Idan aka yi la'akari da shekaru, wataƙila Sabon Coke ne.) Batir acid? Ko menene, gogewar barasa zai iya magance shi. (Um.)
Bakin da aka saki: katin haɗin na rumbun kwamfutarka na Seagate. A zahiri yana nufin canji mai sauƙi kamar wanda aka saki. Cire wannan. Ba alama ce mai kyau ba.
Muna da IBM PC Model 5150 ɗaya kawai da ake amfani da shi sosai kuma galibi ana amfani da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Lambar lambar sirri ta kamfanin daga Ziff-Davis (kamfanin iyaye na PCMag tsawon shekaru da yawa) tana nuna cewa wannan a da mallakar IT ne, babban ƙarfin gyara na dogon lokaci. Wani PCMagger mai aminci ya adana shi daga tarin tarkace don amfani a nan gaba.
An gudanar da bincike a kusa da motherboard, kuma an sami wannan bayanin a gefe ɗaya: "CPU na 64KB-256KB." Wannan ya nuna cewa samfurin 5150 an sake duba shi daga baya. Abin takaici, PC ɗinmu na IBM ba shine ainihin "na asali" ba, PC na OG 1981. An haɗa shi shekaru kaɗan bayan haka.
Mafi kyawun zato: 1984. Lakabin yadi da aka liƙa a cikin lasifikar mono yana nuna cewa an ƙera ko an haɗa lasifikar a watan Satumba na 1984, wataƙila a Florida. Ba a fayyace wace lakabi ba ce.
Matsalar ita ce, "asali" IBM PC wanda aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1981 ana kiransa Model 5150, amma daga baya an sake yin gyaran 5150. An samar da shi ne a mafi yawan shekarun 1980, an gyara shi kuma an inganta shi, kuma an sayar da shi a layi ɗaya da samfuran da suka gabata, kamar na gaba, IBM PC XT. Wanda ya tsira daga dakin gwaje-gwajenmu ba mutum ne na farko ba, amma yana da irin wannan waje da kuma irin wannan ƙarfin hali.
Ba mu da madannai na IBM a hannu, kuma faifan DOS na floppy sun ɓace tsawon shekaru da yawa, don haka za mu iya yin abubuwa kaɗan da PCs. Haɗa shi da na'urar saka idanu (ƙarin bayani game da hakan daga baya) da kuma kunna shi zai haifar da jerin ƙarar fushi kawai. Amma mun so mu ɗauki hoton tsarin don ƙara wa sake buga PCMag na bita na asali na IBM PC a 1981. Kuna iya duba shi a cikin hanyar haɗin yanar gizon kuma ku bincika mujallar asali akan Google Books (ba tare da ambaton tambayarmu ta baya ba).
Don haka a lokacin daukar hoto, na yi abin da duk wani kare mai daraja kayan aiki zai yi: ya rushe shi! Mai ɗaukar hoto na ma'aikacinmu mai haƙuri Molly Flores (Molly Flores) ta tsaya don ɗaukar hotuna. Mun yi aikin sarrafa studio na PCMag na 2021 akan PCs a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. Abin tausayi ne a ɓatar da duk waɗannan kyawawan hotuna, don haka ku zo ku ziyarce mu.
Kuma, ni ba ɗan juyin juya halin PC na farko ba ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, don haka nazarina a nan zai ɗan yi kyau, kuma zai biyo bayan kyawawan abubuwan tunawa na tsohon babban edita Michael Miller a wasu wurare, in ji shi da kansa. Saboda haka, don Allah ku yi mini daidai kuma ku bar tunaninku a cikin sharhin da ke ƙasan labarin!
Da farko akwai wasu hotuna masu ban sha'awa na tsohon 5150. Molly yana sa ya yi kyau fiye da yadda yake. Ina amfani da sabulu da tawul masu laushi don goge chassis ɗin, na ƙara gogewar barasa don cire datti mai tauri, sannan na yi amfani da iskar gwangwani don tsaftace zomaye masu ƙura a ciki. Ta goge sauran a Photoshop.
Wannan shine na'urar IBM 5151 da ke saman akwatin. Wannan cikakken CRT ne mai kama da juna tare da kyakkyawan ƙudurin asali ... haruffa 80, layuka 25. (Lura cewa waɗannan haruffa ne, ba pixels ba.) Adaftar Nunin Monochrome na IBM (MDA), katin bidiyo na farko, zai iya kunna allon, kodayake mun yi mamaki lokacin da muka buɗe akwatin. (Za a yi bayani dalla-dalla daga baya.)
...Babu wasu na'urori masu sarrafawa a allon nuni, ko da maɓallin kunnawa/kashewa. Wannan saboda allon yana haɗawa kai tsaye zuwa bayan akwatin PC ta hanyar kebul biyu masu waya mai ƙarfi...
...Ɗaya don samar da wutar lantarki da ɗayan don siginar bidiyo. (Za mu rufe waɗannan katunan, tashoshin jiragen ruwa, da soket daga baya.) Ƙara wutar lantarki ga kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka zai kuma ƙara wa na'urar allo ƙarfi.
Don haka a nan muna da chassis na waje mai nau'in 5150, wanda ya fi tsabta fiye da tun daga kusan 1986...
Na'urorin guda biyu na farko faifan diski ne mai girman inci 5.25 tare da makullan kullewa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ka-chunk mai gamsarwa. Za mu gabatar da su dalla-dalla daga baya; za mu fitar da su. (Hakika, dole ne na mayar da waɗannan hotunan wurinsu; an maye gurbin tsoffin tarin kayan tarihi shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.)
Wannan bita ne na dukkan bangarorin baya. Akwai katuna uku a cikin ramin katin faɗaɗa ISA, kuma ramin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba ba shi da murfin, wanda ya daɗe tun lokacin.
Haka kuma za ku iya ganin tsohon alamar "An yi a Amurka" a saman alamar tantance samfurin. Kwamfutocin tebur nawa za ku iya faɗi yanzu?
Sannan akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa masu waya mai ƙarfi don na'urorin IBM. Babu shakka, ba a amfani da tashar jirgin ruwa mai kauri sosai, saboda yawancin nau'ikan 5150 da aka sayar sun haɗa da faifai mai faifai. (Duk wani ambaton tef da aka haɗa da PC zai sa ni rawar jiki: Idan na tuna da VIC-20 dina, aikina ya fara ne da nau'ikan rumbun ajiya na PC na farko, waɗanda yawancinsu sun fito ne daga faifai masu faifai kamar Exabyte, Iomega, da Tandberg a shekarun 1990. .)
Babban makullin wutar lantarki yana kan allon gefen dama, kusa da baya. Yana tare da kyakkyawan dannawa mai laushi. Ba za ku sake samun irin wannan makullin iko akan tebur ɗinku ba, wannan tabbas ne. Wataƙila na'urar wasan faɗa ce.
Dangane da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa na PC, suna kan bayan katunan faɗaɗawa da dama. Wanda ke da jack ɗin RCA a hagu a bayyane yake katin zane ne; na'urar duba nau'in 5151 tana hulɗa da mahaɗin fil 9. Amma menene a hannun dama?
Na isa in tuna katunan SCSI da tashoshin parallel, kuma yana kama da na ƙarshe. Akwai hanya ɗaya kawai da za a gano. (Domin gano cewa na yi kuskure, shi ke nan.)
Abu ɗaya da ya kamata a fahimta a sarari: komai game da ainihin PC ɗin IBM yana da nauyi. Babban babban firam ɗin IBM an san shi da laƙabi "Big Iron", amma wannan kwamfutar tebur ta dace da matsayin "Little Iron" (kodayake eh, akwatin ƙarfe ne a zahiri). Yana da kauri kuma yana da nauyi.
Murfin gaskiya ne musamman. Matsar da shi gaba don cirewa; kada ku sa shi a ƙafafunku. Na bar wannan firam mai ban sha'awa tsirara...
...Banda babban tsari mai laushi na faifai mai faifai mai faifai biyu, bai yi kama da wanda ba a saba gani ba idan aka kwatanta da tsarin tebur na yau.
Hakika, tare da wutar lantarki, lakabin da ke saman ya fi tsufa, amma tsarin ya saba, kuma akwai ma babban haɗin wutar lantarki da ... haɗin Molex zuwa motherboard! Waɗannan har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau.
Ina so in zurfafa cikin motherboard, don haka dole ne a motsa wasu sassan. Da farko, cire katin faɗaɗawa, sannan a danna shi a bayan panel ɗin da sukurori.
Wannan shine na farko, kuma an haɗa shi da faifai na floppy ta hanyar kebul na ribbon. Wannan katin sarrafa faifai ne na floppy. A wancan lokacin, dole ne a ƙara haɗin tsarin asali da yawa ta hanyar katunan faɗaɗawa...
Za ka iya ganin cewa kebul na ribbon na ciki har yanzu yana da alaƙa; an haɗa shi da daisy-chain zuwa faifan floppy guda biyu masu inci 5.25. Ƙarin bincike ya nuna cewa wannan katin sigar da aka sabunta ce ta katin sarrafawa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta waje don faifan floppy na waje ce; ba tashar SCSI ko parallel ba ce.
Wannan babban katin zane-zane yana da tsayi kamar katunan zane-zane na zamani masu tsada, kuma fiye da rabinsu an gyara su da allon 'ya mace. Tushen wannan katin yana da ɗan ban mamaki kuma yana buƙatar wasu ayyukan gida. Wannan ba katin MDA na asali na IBM ba ne. Da farko na yi tunanin zai iya zama haɓakawa bayan siyarwa. Duk da haka, wannan matsala ce ta IBM. Adaftar Zane-zanen IBM (EGA), allon 'yar shine faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar zane-zane, kuma an sanya shi fuska da fuska tare da katin. (Katin yana da ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar zane-zane na 64K.) Wanda ya gabaci VGA, ana iya amfani da shi don fitar da launi har zuwa 640 x 350. alatu!
A bisa ƙa'idodin zamani, wannan katin tabbas dabba ce mai ban mamaki. Akwai wani yanki na filastik mai haske a bayan katin 'yar don hana ƙarin kauri daga taɓa katin ISA da ke kusa da shi kuma wataƙila ya haifar da ɗan gajeren da'ira. Tushen ja ("Grayhill") a kusurwar sama ta dama saitin makullan DIP ne don daidaita aikin katin bisa ga na'urar da kake amfani da ita. (Za mu ga ƙarin waɗannan abubuwa daga baya.)
Wannan yana da yawan guntu da haɗin solder. Kamar yadda na sani, yana ɗaya daga cikin katunan faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ISA na Intel da ake kira "onboard". Wannan shine yadda ake faɗaɗa babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar tsarin, tun kafin DIMMs na PC da SO-DIMMs su bayyana a idanun kowa.
Wannan kwamiti ne na ƙasa da ƙasa. Idan ka duba da kyau, ana yin kwakwalwan kwamfuta da yawa (cutar NEC memory module) a Japan, amma wasu ana yin su ne a Malaysia, Mexico, da El Salvador. Sauran waɗanda ba su da cikakken ɗan ƙasa suma ana iya yin su a Amurka. Ba wai katin ISA ba ne kawai a matsayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Don haka wannan ya dawo da mu ga motherboard. Amma don cire allon da'ira kuna buƙatar cire ɗaya daga cikin faifai masu floppy, wanda ke hana samun damar shiga ɗaya daga cikin sukurori waɗanda ke ɗaure shi zuwa chassis. Saboda haka, cire kebul na ribbon kuma cire haɗin wutar lantarki na drive mafi hagu...
Sannan, cire sukudireba, buɗe sukudire biyu, kuma drive ɗin zai fito daga cikin akwati kamar kowace na'ura mai inci 5.25 mai kyau kafin...
Wannan shine mahaɗin Molex da aka saba amfani da shi wanda ke ba da wutar lantarki ga drive; wasu na'urori har yanzu ana amfani da su a kwamfutocin mutum a yau ...
Don haka, wannan maɓalli yana bayyana a kan motherboard! Ɓangaren sukurori kaɗan a kusurwoyi (kananan yau da kullun maimakon kan Philips, wanda abin mamaki ne) suna da sauƙin cirewa. Amma motherboard ɗin kuma yana riƙe da wasu sandunan haɗin filastik marasa kyau, waɗanda ke ratsa ramuka a cikin motherboard. Dole ne ku matse su a hankali da yatsunku ko filogi, sannan ku ratsa su ta cikin ramukan da ke hawa na allon kewaye. Matsalar ita ce kuna 'yantar da wasu, sannan su sake bayyana lokacin da kuka yi aiki akan sauran. Kuna buƙatar hannaye shida ko bakwai don matse su a lokaci guda!
Duk da haka, wani majiyyaci ya sake su duka cikin kimanin mintuna 10, kuma motherboard ɗin ya zame daga gefen akwati...
Abin mamaki ne kwarai! Ba baƙo ba ne. Duk da cewa akwai wasu bambance-bambance a bayyane, wannan ba nisan mil miliyan ɗaya daga motherboards na zamani ba ne. A gefe guda, wannan shine cikakken panel ɗin tashar I/O...
To, waɗannan tsoffin motherboards na PC ba su da BIOS kamar yadda muka san su. Kun saita kayan aikinku tare da makullin DIP kuma kun yi amfani da shi tare da littafin jagora (akwai wasu kiraye-kiraye na gaggawa zuwa ga tallafin fasaha ko abokin hulɗar ku na geek)...
Na tuna da wannan daga wasu kwamfutocin PC da na mallaka daga baya. (Har yanzu ina tuna cewa na tsane su.) Akwai rukuni biyu na waɗannan miyagun mutane masu launin shuɗi mai haske a kan allon 5150.
Haka kuma a cikin jirgin: ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwa. An riga an haɗa shi a nan. Mun ƙaura daga zamanin DIMM da ake amfani da shi a ko'ina. Yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya bai kai matakin da ake buƙata ba don samun isasshen ƙwaƙwalwa a kan sandar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai wannan girman...ba ma kusa ba.
Wannan shine babban haɗin wutar lantarki na motherboard. Kafin na cire motherboard ɗin, na cire babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Baƙon abu ne da ya dace da haɗin fil na ATX 20+4 na yau kamar yadda muka san shi a yau, amma ainihin kakanni ne.
Idan aka kwatanta da kowace motherboard ta baya-bayan nan, abu ɗaya da a bayyane yake ɓacewa shine: Ina CPU, soket ɗin CPU, da wurin wanke zafi suke? To, wannan yana buƙatar ɗan bincike, amma a ƙarshe mun sami guntu...
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-10-2021