Ngemva kwezinyanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-9 zemidlalo enzima, ngoDisemba 24, ngesikhathi sendawo, iBrithani ne-European Union bafinyelele ngokusemthethweni esivumelwaneni sokuhweba se-Brexit. Isivumelwano samakhasi angu-1246 sibonisa ukuthi ukungalingani kukhulu kangakanani, kodwa kungcono kune-"Brexit enzima" engavumelani.Ibhulokhi Yesiphetho Esiluhlaza, Izixhumi ze-PCB futhi Izibonisi ze-Amber Insimu idinga ukunakwa.
UNdunankulu waseBrithani uJohnson uthe iPhalamende laseBrithani mayelana nesivumelwano sokuhweba esibhalwe phansi ne-European Union lizovotelwa ngoDisemba 30.
Isivumelwano sokuhweba siphelile
Ngomhlaka-26 Disemba, i-UK yakhipha umbhalo onamakhasi ayi-1246 wesivumelwano sokuhweba se-Brexit ne-EU, okuhlanganisa, ngaphezu kwemibhalo yokuhweba, izivumelwano zamandla enuzi, ukushintshana kolwazi oluyimfihlo, amandla enuzi omphakathi, kanye nochungechunge lwezitatimende ezihlangene.
Njengoba ibizwa ngokuthi i-draft ye-EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (Draft ye-EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement), umbhalo usho ukuthi ngemva kokuba iBrithani ishiye imakethe eyodwa ye-EU, ngeke kube khona phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ezizobe zingaphansi kwezinkinga zentela noma ze-quota. IKhomishini yaseYurophu ithe isivumelwano sokuhweba phakathi kwe-EU ne-UK sizoba yi-zero tariff kanye ne-zero quota.
Lo mbhalo uhlanganisa izithasiselo eziningi ezinemininingwane, okuhlanganisa nezinhlinzeko mayelana nemvelaphi, izinhlanzi, ukuhweba ngewayini, imithi, amakhemikhali kanye nokubambisana kwedatha yokuphepha.
IBrithani isayine isivumelwano sokuhweba ngokukhululekile
Uma iBrithani iyilungu le-European Union, ihlanganyela ngokuzenzakalelayo ezivumelwaneni zokuhweba ezingu-40 namazwe noma izifunda ezingaphezu kuka-70. Ngemva kwe-Brexit, iBrithani ingaxoxisana ngokuqhubeka kwalezi zivumelwano. Noma yisiphi isivumelwano sokuhweba se-EU esikhona ngeke sisasebenza eBrithani ngemva kukaDisemba 31, futhi iBrithani izohweba ngokuhambisana nemithetho ye-WTO uma ingafinyeleli esivumelwaneni sezinhlangothi zombili nala mazwe noma izifunda.
Ngokusho kwewebhusayithi kahulumeni waseBrithani, izivumelwano ezingu-29 ezihlanganisa amazwe noma izifunda ezingu-58 zivuselelwe futhi zizoqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1 noma engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2021. Amanye amazwe noma izifunda ezingu-10 ziyaxoxisana, kodwa iningi lazo ezibalulekile seliqediwe.
E-Asia, mhla zingama-23 kuMfumfu, iBrithani neJapan basayine ngokusemthethweni isivumelwano sokuhweba samahhala samazwe amabili, Lesi yisivumelwano sokuqala esikhulu sokuhweba esisayinwe yiBrithani ngemuva kweBrexit. IBrithani ithi, Lesi sivumelwano sizokhulula u-99% wokuthunyelwa kwayo eJapan, ukuhwebelana kwesikhathi eside kweBrithani neJapan kuzokhula ngamaphawundi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15.2 ($19.9 billion). Lesi sivumelwano sizophinde sivumele iBrithani ukuthi iqede kancane kancane intela yezimoto zaseJapan, intela yezimoto zaseJapan izoba yi-zero ngo-2026. Lesi sivumelwano sifana nesivumelwano esiseSivumelwaneni Sokuhweba saseJapan-EU. IBrithani inethemba lokufaka isicelo sobulungu ngokusemthethweni kwi-CPTPP enamalungu ayi-11, ekuqaleni kuka-2021 iJapan iyakwamukela, futhi izonikeza ukwesekwa okudingekayo e-UK.
10 Disemba, Isivumelwano sokuhweba samahhala phakathi kweBrithani neSingapore, Futhi savumelana ngokuqalisa ngonyaka ozayo," Isivumelwano Somnotho Wedijithali sase-UK-Singapore ". Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, Izinkampani eSingapore nase-UK zizothola ukuphathwa okufanayo njengokweSivumelwano Sokuhweba Samahhala se-EU-Singapore (i-EUSFTA). Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukufinyelela okungenamthelo ekuhwebeni ngezimpahla, ukufinyelela okulula ezinsizeni zazo kanye nasemakethe yokuthenga kahulumeni, kanye nokunciphisa izithiyo ezingezona ezentela kuma-elekthronikhi, ezimoto kanye nezingxenye ezihlobene, imikhiqizo yemithi kanye nemishini yezokwelapha kanye namandla avuselelekayo. Ngemuva kokuthi i-FTA yase-UK-Singapore iqale ukusebenza, iBrithani izokhulula u-84% wempahla engeniswa yiSingapore, Amaphesenti angu-16 asele kulindeleke ukuthi asuswe ngomhlaka-21 Novemba 2024. ISingapore izogcina imikhiqizo yamanje yaseBrithani ethunyelwa eSingapore ingelashwa ngentela.
11 Disemba, Isivumelwano sokuhweba samahhala phakathi kweBrithani neVietnam, Njengoba kuvunyelwene ngakho, Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ezayo (2027), Phakathi kwala mazwe amabili kuzonciphisa kancane kancane izindleko zokungeniswa kwezimpahla ezingama-99%. Uma isivumelwano sesiqaliswe ngokugcwele, iVietnam izothola isaphulelo sentela yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe esingu-£114 million ($151 million). IBrithani izokonga ama-pound ayizigidi ezingu-36 ekuthunyelweni kwayo kwamanye amazwe.
I-FTA yakamuva yeBrithani ihambisana neCanada. IPhini likaNdunankulu waseCanada uFreeland limemezele ngoDisemba 22 ngesikhathi sendawo ukuthi iCanada ne-United Kingdom basayine isivumelwano sesikhashana sokugwema "i-Brexit enzima" yaseBrithani ebangelwa yizinkinga zentela. Lesi sivumelwano silandela ngokuyisisekelo okuqukethwe yisivumelwano sokuhweba saseCanada ne-European Union, esiqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2021. Uma la mazwe amabili esexoxisana ngesivumelwano esisha sokuhweba, isivumelwano sesikhashana sizosulwa.
Isexwayiso Sokuhweba Sosuku Lonyaka Omusha
I-China ibe ngumthombo omkhulu wokungenisa impahla e-UK okokuqala kwikota yesibili, ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-National Bureau of Statistics (ONS) namuhla. Okokuqala kwikota yesibili, i-UK ingenise izimpahla eziningi ezivela e-China kunawo wonke amanye amazwe ahwebayo, kusho i-ONS. Kwikota yesibili, isabelo se-UK sokungenisa impahla evela e-China sikhuphuke sisuka kumaphesenti angu-8.6 kwikota yokuqala saya kumaphesenti angu-13.4 kwikota yesibili, lapho ukungenisa impahla kufinyelela kuma-pound ayizigidi eziyi-11, okukodwa kokuyisikhombisa okungeniswa kwe-UK kuvela e-China.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yalo nyaka, ngaphezu kwengxenye yesine yezinto zikagesi nemishini zaseBrithani ezingenisiwe zivela eShayina. E-UK izinto ezingenisiwe zivela eShayina, inani lemikhiqizo kagesi, imishini yomsindo kanye nemishini yehhovisi nalo liphezulu, lingaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-30. Lo mkhuba uhambisana kakhulu nedatha yangaphambilini. Izibalo zomlando ze-ONS zibonisa ukuthi ngo-2019, imishini kagesi, imishini yokuxhumana, imishini yemishini yehhovisi, izingubo, ifenisha njalonjalo yizigaba eziyinhloko zemikhiqizo ezingeniswe eShayina yi-United Kingdom.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amazwe noma izifunda ezingenaso isivumelwano sobabili ne-UK zizohwebelana ngokwemithetho ye-WTO ngemva kukaJanuwari 1 ngonyaka ozayo.
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwabathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina kuvela ekuqinisekisweni.
IBrithani izosebenzisa ngokusemthethweni uphawu lwesitifiketi se-British Conformity Assessment (UKCA) kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2021. Ilogo ye-UKCA iyilogo entsha yomkhiqizo wase-UK ezosetshenziselwa imikhiqizo ethengiswa emakethe yase-UK (eNgilandi, eWales naseScotland), ehlanganisa iningi lezimpahla ezazidinga ilogo ye-CE. Ilogo ye-UKCA ayisebenzi ezimpahleni ezithengiswa emakethe yaseNyakatho Ireland.
Ukuqaliswa kwelogo ye-UKCA yaseBrithani, isidingo sokuqala sokuqinisekiswa kwe-CE kwemikhiqizo ethunyelwe e-European Union nase-United Kingdom kuzodinga isitifiketi se-CE ne-UKCA, okungaba nomthelela omkhulu ezindleko zemikhiqizo yebhizinisi, kudingeka sikhathazeke kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphansi kohlelo lokuqala lwe-European Union oluhlanganisiwe lwe-custom, izimpahla ezingenayo neziphumayo i-European Union azidingi ukusulwa kwe-custom okuphindaphindiwe kanye nezinqubo zentela. Ngemva kwe-Brexit, iBrithani kanye ne-European Union kuzoba uhlelo oluzimele lokusebenza kwe-custom, futhi ukusulwa kwe-custom kwezimpahla kuzo zombili izinhlangothi kuzoba nzima kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Inkampani yokuthumela izimpahla i-ONE ikhiphe isaziso mayelana nesimemezelo sokuphepha esihlobene ne-Brexit: konke ukungeniswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe e-United Kingdom, okudlula e-United Kingdom, i-ENS kumele kuthunyelwe. Izimpahla ezisebhodini e-UK, i-ENS kumele zithunyelwe amahora angu-48 ngaphambi komkhumbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UK Customs isungule ipulatifomu yokuphepha nokuphepha (S&S) yokuthola ulwazi lwe-ENS. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2021, i-British Customs izoqhubeka nesidingo sesitatimende se-ENS sazo zonke izimpahla ezivela ngaphandle kwe-European Union ukuze zithuthwe futhi zithuthwe emachwebeni aseBrithani. Kusukela ngoJulayi 1, 2021, izimpahla ezivela ngaphakathi kwe-EU ziye e-United Kingdom (ngaphandle kweNyakatho Ireland) zidinga ukuphoqelelwa kwesitatimende se-ENS.
Sicela futhi uqaphele ukuhweba nge-e-commerce okwenziwa ngaphesheya kwemingcele, emazweni aseYurophu lapho kunemisebenzi yezomnotho, ikakhulukazi amabhizinisi okungenisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, inombolo yokubhalisa ye-EORI edingekayo (ukubhaliswa komqhubi wezomnotho kanye nenombolo yokuhlonza - Ukubhaliswa Kwabasebenza Kwezomnotho kanye Nokuhlonza). Uma i-UK isiphumile eYurophu ngokusemthethweni, inombolo ye-EORI ekuqaleni kwe-UK GB izophelelwa yisikhathi e-EU. Uma ufuna ukuba semakethe ye-EU yase-UK, udinga inombolo ye-EORI kanye nenombolo ye-EORI ye-EU, inani lezinombolo ezimbili ze-EORI.
I-British Customs imemezele ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwentela yezimpahla ezingenisiwe zaseBrithani kuzoqala ngoJanuwari 1, 2021. Izidingo ezithile yilezi:
I-VAT ikhokhwa kuzo zonke izinto ezingeniswayo ezinenani elimenyezelwe elingaphansi kwe-￡135(VAT). Umthetho omusha wentela ususa ukukhululwa kwentela kokuqala kokungeniswa kwezimpahla ezincane, okungukuthi, izimpahla ezinenani elimenyezelwe elingaphansi kwe-￡15, futhi manje kudingeka futhi ukhokhe intela yenani elingeziwe ngesilinganiso sentela esingu-20.
Uma zonke izimpahla ezingeniswa e-UK kuyizinkampani, inombolo yokuhlonza yokubhaliswa komqhubi wezomnotho womamukeli (inombolo ye-EORI) kanye nenombolo ye-VAT (inombolo ye-VAT) kuyadingeka. Inombolo ye-EU EORI ngeke isasebenza ebhizinisini lokungenisa nokuthumela impahla lase-UK.
Uma umamukeli eyiplatifomu ye-e-commerce (OMPs), iplatifomu ye-e-commerce izoba nesibopho sokuqoqwa kanye nokubalwa kwe-VAT. I-VAT ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe ezithengiswe ngqo kubathengi baseBrithani e-UK izoqhubeka nokubalwa ngabathengisi baphesheya ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwamapulatifomu e-e-commerce (OMP); Ezimpahleni ezithunyelwa phesheya kwezilwandle futhi ezithengiswa ngqo kubamukeli baseBrithani ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwamapulatifomu e-e-commerce (OMP), abathengisi baphesheya kwezilwandle kuzodingeka babhalise opharetha bezomnotho abanezinombolo zokuhlonza (inombolo ye-EORI) kanye nezinombolo ze-VAT (inombolo ye-VAT) futhi bakhokhe i-VAT ku-British Customs (HMRC). Uma ikhasimende lezentengiselwano linokubhaliswa kwe-VAT e-UK futhi kunikezwe inombolo yokubhaliswa ye-VAT evumelekile kumthengisi, i-VAT izobalwa ngenkokhelo ebuyela emuva yekhasimende.
Umthetho omusha wentela awusebenzi ezinkontilekeni ezingezona ezentengiselwano ezihilela izimpahla zentela (ugwayi, utshwala) noma abantu abazimele, okusebenzisa imithetho ekhona, imininingwane yayo injengoba iboniswe yiBritish Customs.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-04-2021