Pambuyo pa masewera ovuta kwa miyezi yoposa 9, pa Disembala 24, nthawi yakumaloko, Britain ndi European Union adagwirizana mwalamulo za mgwirizano wamalonda wa Brexit. Mgwirizano wa masamba 1246 ukuwonetsa momwe kusokonekera kulili kovuta, koma bwino kuposa "Brexit yovuta" yosavomerezedwa.Malo Obiriwira Ogulitsira Malo, Zolumikizira za PCB ndi Zowunikira za Amber M'munda mukufunika kusamalidwa.
Nduna yayikulu ya Britain Johnson yati Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Britain pa mgwirizano wamalonda ndi European Union idzavotedwa pa 30 Disembala.
Pangano la malonda linatha
Pa Disembala 26, UK idatulutsa chikalata cha masamba 1246 cha mgwirizano wamalonda wa Brexit ndi EU, chomwe chikuphatikizapo, kuwonjezera pa zikalata zamalonda, mapangano okhudza mphamvu za nyukiliya, kusinthana kwa chinsinsi, mphamvu za nyukiliya za anthu wamba, ndi mawu angapo ogwirizana.
Potchedwa chikalata cha Pangano la Zamalonda ndi Mgwirizano la EU-UK (Draft EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement), lembalo limatanthauza kuti Britain ikachoka pamsika umodzi wa EU, sipadzakhala pakati pa mbali ziwirizi ndipo sipadzakhala mavuto a misonkho kapena kuchuluka kwa quota. European Commission inati mgwirizano wamalonda pakati pa EU ndi UK udzakhala zero tariff ndi zero quota.
Nkhaniyi ili ndi zinthu zambiri zofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane, kuphatikizapo mfundo zokhudza chiyambi, nsomba, malonda a vinyo, mankhwala, mankhwala ndi mgwirizano wa deta yachitetezo.
Britain yasayina pangano la malonda aulere
Britain ikakhala membala wa European Union, imatenga nawo mbali pa mapangano 40 amalonda ndi mayiko kapena madera opitilira 70. Pambuyo pa Brexit, Britain ikhoza kukambirana kuti mapanganowa apitirire. Pangano lililonse la malonda la EU silidzagwiranso ntchito ku Britain pambuyo pa Disembala 31, ndipo Britain idzachita malonda motsatira malamulo a WTO ngati sipangana mgwirizano wa mayiko awiriwa ndi mayiko kapena madera awa.
Malinga ndi tsamba lawebusayiti la boma la Britain, mapangano 29 okhudza mayiko kapena madera 58 akonzedwanso ndipo ayamba kugwira ntchito pa Januwale 1 kapena theka loyamba la chaka cha 2021. Mayiko kapena madera ena 10 akukambirana, koma ambiri mwa ofunika akwaniritsidwa.
Ku Asia, pa 23 Okutobala, Britain ndi Japan adasaina mwalamulo mgwirizano wamalonda waulere wa mayiko awiri, Uwu ndi mgwirizano woyamba waukulu wamalonda womwe Britain idasainira pambuyo pa Brexit. Britain ikuti, Mgwirizanowu uchotsa 99% ya malonda ake otumizidwa ku Japan, malonda a nthawi yayitali a Britain ndi Japan adzawonjezeka ndi mapaundi 15.2 biliyoni ($19.9 biliyoni). Mgwirizanowu uthandizanso Britain kuchotsa pang'onopang'ono misonkho yamagalimoto aku Japan, misonkho yamagalimoto aku Japan idzakhala zero pofika chaka cha 2026. Gawoli likufanana ndi mgwirizano womwe uli mu Pangano la Zamalonda la Japan-EU. Britain ikuyembekeza kulembetsa mwalamulo umembala mu CPTPP ya mamembala 11, koyambirira kwa chaka cha 2021 Japan ikulandira, ndipo ipereka chithandizo chofunikira ku UK.
10 Disembala, Pangano la malonda aulere pakati pa Britain ndi Singapore, Ndipo lavomereza kuyambitsa chaka chamawa," UK-Singapore Digital Economy Agreement "kukambirana. Pansi pa mgwirizanowu, Makampani ku Singapore ndi UK adzalandira chithandizo chofanana ndi Pangano la Malonda aulere a EU-Singapore (EUSFTA). Izi zikuphatikizapo mwayi wopanda msonkho wogulitsa katundu, kupeza mosavuta ntchito zawo komanso msika wogula wa boma, Ndi kuchepetsa zopinga zosakhudzana ndi msonkho pa zamagetsi, magalimoto ndi zida zina zokhudzana nazo, mankhwala ndi zida zamankhwala ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso. Pambuyo poti UK-Singapore FTA yayamba kugwira ntchito, Britain idzamasula 84% ya zinthu zomwe Singapore imatumiza kunja, 16% yotsalayo ikuyembekezeka kuchotsedwa pa 21 Novembala 2024. Singapore ipitilizabe kugulitsa zinthu zomwe Britain ikutumiza ku Singapore popanda msonkho.
11 Disembala, Pangano la malonda aulere pakati pa Britain ndi Vietnam, Monga momwe onse adavomerezera, Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zikubwerazi (2027), Pakati pa mayiko awiriwa pang'onopang'ono padzachepetsa mtengo wogulira katundu wochokera kunja kwa 99% ya katundu. Panganoli likadzayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira, Vietnam idzalandira £114 miliyoni ($151 miliyoni) ngati njira yochepetsera msonkho wa katundu wochokera kunja. Britain idzasunga mapaundi 36 miliyoni pa katundu wake wotumizidwa kunja.
Msonkhano waposachedwa wa Britain FTA uli ndi Canada. Wachiwiri kwa Nduna Yaikulu ya Canada Freeland adalengeza pa Disembala 22 nthawi yakomweko kuti Canada ndi United Kingdom asayina mgwirizano wakanthawi kuti apewe "Brexit yovuta" yaku Britain yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha nkhani za misonkho. Mgwirizanowu ukutsatira zomwe zili mu mgwirizano wamalonda wa Canada ndi European Union, womwe umayamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 1, 2021. Mayiko awiriwa akakambirana mgwirizano watsopano wamalonda, mgwirizanowu wapakanthawi udzathetsedwa.
Chenjezo la Zamalonda la Tsiku la Chaka Chatsopano
China yakhala dziko lalikulu kwambiri ku UK lotumiza katundu kunja kwa dzikolo kwa nthawi yoyamba mu kotala lachiwiri, malinga ndi deta yomwe yatulutsidwa patsamba lovomerezeka la National Bureau of Statistics (ONS) lero. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu kotala lachiwiri, UK idatumiza katundu wambiri kuchokera ku China kuposa mayiko ena onse ogulitsa, ONS yatero. Mu kotala lachiwiri, gawo la UK lotumiza katundu kuchokera ku China lakwera kuchoka pa 8.6 peresenti mu kotala loyamba kufika pa 13.4 peresenti mu kotala lachiwiri, ndipo katundu wochokera kunja wafika pa mapaundi 11 biliyoni, chimodzi mwa zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zilizonse zochokera ku Britain zimachokera ku China.
Mu theka loyamba la chaka chino, zoposa kotala la zinthu zamagetsi ndi makina ochokera ku Britain zinachokera ku China. Ku UK zinthu zochokera ku China, chiwerengero cha zinthu zamagetsi, zida zamawu ndi zida zamaofesi nachonso chili pamwamba, choposa 30 peresenti. Izi zikugwirizananso kwambiri ndi zomwe zidapezeka kale. Ziwerengero zakale za ONS zikuwonetsa kuti mu 2019, zida zamagetsi, zida zolumikizirana, zida zamaofesi, zovala, mipando ndi zina zotero ndi magulu akuluakulu azinthu zomwe United Kingdom inatumiza kuchokera ku China.
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mayiko kapena madera omwe alibe mgwirizano wa mayiko awiri ndi UK adzagulitsa malinga ndi malamulo a WTO pambuyo pa Januware 1 chaka chamawa.
Mayeso oyamba a ogulitsa kunja aku China amachokera ku satifiketi.
Britain idzagwiritsa ntchito mwalamulo chizindikiro cha British Conformity Assessment (UKCA) kuyambira pa Januwale 1, 2021. Chizindikiro cha UKCA ndi chizindikiro chatsopano cha zinthu ku UK chomwe chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zogulitsidwa pamsika wa UK (England, Wales ndi Scotland), chomwe chimaphimba katundu wambiri yemwe kale ankafuna chizindikiro cha CE. Chizindikiro cha UKCA sichigwira ntchito pazinthu zogulitsidwa pamsika wa Northern Ireland.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chizindikiro cha British UKCA, kufunikira koyambirira kwa chiphaso cha CE cha zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa ku European Union ndi United Kingdom kudzafuna chiphaso cha CE ndi UKCA, chomwe chingakhale ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pa mtengo wa zinthu zamabizinesi, kuyenera kuganiziridwa kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kudziwika kuti pansi pa dongosolo loyambirira la misonkho logwirizana la European Union, katundu wolowa ndi kutuluka mu European Union safuna kuchotsedwa kwa misonkho mobwerezabwereza komanso njira zokhomera msonkho. Pambuyo pa Brexit, Britain ndi European Union zidzakhala njira yodziyimira payokha yoyendetsera misonkho, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa katundu kudzera mbali zonse ziwiri kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri kuposa kale.
Kampani yotumiza katundu ONE yapereka chidziwitso pa mfundo zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha Brexit: katundu yense wotumizidwa ndi wotumizidwa ku United Kingdom, wodutsa ku United Kingdom, ENS iyenera kutumizidwa. Katundu yemwe ali m'sitima ku UK, ENS iyenera kutumizidwa maola 48 sitimayo isanakwere. Kuphatikiza apo, UK Customs yakhazikitsa nsanja yachitetezo (S&S) yolandirira zambiri za ENS. Kuyambira pa Januwale 1, 2021, British Customs ipitiliza kufunsa chikalata cha ENS cha katundu yense wochokera kunja kwa European Union kuti atsitsidwe ndi kutumizidwa m'madoko aku Britain. Kuyambira pa Julayi 1, 2021, katundu wochokera mkati mwa EU kupita ku United Kingdom (kupatula Northern Ireland) ayenera kutsatiridwa ndi chikalata cha ENS.
Chonde samalaninso za malonda apaintaneti odutsa malire, m'maiko aku Europe komwe kuli zochitika zachuma, makamaka mabizinesi otumiza ndi kutumiza kunja, nambala yofunikira yolembetsa ya EORI (kulembetsa kwa ogwira ntchito zachuma ndi nambala yozindikiritsa - Kulembetsa ndi Kuzindikiritsa kwa Ogwira Ntchito Zachuma). UK ikachoka ku Europe mwalamulo, nambala ya EORI kumayambiriro kwa UK GB idzatha mu EU. Ngati mukufuna kukhala pamsika wa UK EU, muyenera nambala ya EORI ndi nambala ya EORI ya EU, manambala awiri onse a EORI.
Bungwe la British Customs lalengeza kuti kusintha kwa misonkho ya katundu wochokera ku Britain kudzayamba pa Januwale 1, 2021. Zofunikira zake ndi izi:
VAT imalipidwa pa zinthu zonse zotumizidwa kunja zomwe mtengo wake wolengezedwa ndi wochepera 135 (VAT). Lamulo latsopano la misonkho limachotsa msonkho woyambirira wobweretsedwa kwa katundu wang'onoang'ono, kutanthauza kuti katundu wokhala ndi mtengo wake wosapitirira 15, ndipo tsopano akuyeneranso kulipira msonkho wowonjezera pamtengo wa msonkho wa 20.
Ngati katundu yense wolowetsedwa ku UK ndi wamakampani, nambala yodziwira wolandirayo (nambala ya EORI) ndi nambala ya VAT (nambala ya VAT) ndizofunikira. Nambala ya EU EORI sidzagwiranso ntchito ku bizinesi yotumiza ndi kutumiza kunja ku UK.
Ngati wolandirayo ndi nsanja ya e-commerce (OMPs), nsanja ya e-commerce idzakhala ndi udindo wosonkhanitsa ndi kuwerengera VAT. VAT pa katundu wotumizidwa kunja womwe wagulitsidwa mwachindunji kwa ogula aku Britain ku UK idzapitirira kuwerengedwa ndi ogulitsa akunja popanda kutenga nawo mbali pa nsanja za e-commerce (OMP); Pa katundu wotumizidwa kunja ndikugulitsidwa mwachindunji kwa olandira aku Britain popanda kutenga nawo mbali pa nsanja za e-commerce (OMP), ogulitsa akunja adzafunika kulembetsa ogwira ntchito zachuma ndi manambala ozindikiritsa (nambala ya EORI) ndi manambala a VAT (nambala ya VAT) ndikulipira VAT ku British Customs (HMRC). Ngati kasitomala wamalonda ali ndi kulembetsa kwa VAT ku UK ndipo nambala yovomerezeka yolembetsa ya VAT yaperekedwa kwa wogulitsa, VAT idzawerengedwa kudzera mu ndalama zobwezera za kasitomala.
Lamulo latsopano la misonkho silikugwira ntchito pa zochitika zosakhudzana ndi malonda zokhudzana ndi katundu wokhometsa msonkho (ndudu, mowa) kapena anthu payekha, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwe alipo, omwe tsatanetsatane wake ndi monga momwe asonyezedwera ndi British Customs.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-04-2021