Emva kweenyanga ezingaphezu kwe-9 zemidlalo enzima, ngoDisemba 24, ngexesha lendawo, iBritane kunye neManyano yaseYurophu bafikelele ngokusesikweni kwisivumelwano sorhwebo seBrexit. Isivumelwano esinamaphepha ali-1246 sibonisa indlela esinzima ngayo esi sivumelwano, kodwa singcono kune "Brexit enzima" engavunyelwananga.Ibhloko yeTerminal eluhlaza, Izihlanganisi zePCB kwaye Izinto ezibonisa i-Amber Intsimi ifuna ukuqwalaselwa.
Inkulumbuso yaseBritane uJohnson uthe iPalamente yaseBritane kwisivumelwano sorhwebo esibhaliweyo neManyano yaseYurophu iza kuvotelwa nge-30 kaDisemba.
Isivumelwano sorhwebo siphelile
Ngomhla wama-26 kuDisemba, i-UK ikhuphe umbhalo onamaphepha ali-1246 wesivumelwano sorhwebo se-Brexit ne-EU, oquka, ukongeza kumaxwebhu orhwebo, izivumelwano ngamandla enyukliya, ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi oluyimfihlo, amandla enyukliya oluntu, kunye nothotho lweengxelo ezidibeneyo.
Ibizwa ngokuba yi-draft ye-EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (Draft ye-EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement), isicatshulwa sithetha ukuba emva kokuba iBritane ishiye imarike enye ye-EU, akuyi kubakho phakathi kwamacala amabini akuyi kubakho rhafu okanye iingxaki ze-quota. IKhomishini yaseYurophu ithe isivumelwano sorhwebo phakathi kwe-EU ne-UK siya kuba yi-zero tariff kunye ne-zero quota.
Esi sicatshulwa siquka izihlomelo ezininzi ezineenkcukacha, kuquka nemigaqo malunga nemvelaphi, intlanzi, urhwebo lwewayini, amayeza, iikhemikhali kunye nentsebenziswano yedatha yokhuseleko.
IBritane ityikitye isivumelwano sorhwebo olukhululekileyo
Xa iBritane ililungu leManyano yaseYurophu, ithatha inxaxheba ngokuzenzekelayo kwizivumelwano zorhwebo ezingama-40 namazwe okanye imimandla engaphezu kwama-70. Emva kweBrexit, iBritane ingathethathethana ngokuqhubeka kwezi zivumelwano. Nasiphi na isivumelwano sorhwebo se-EU esikhoyo asisayi kusebenza eBritane emva komhla wama-31 kuDisemba, kwaye iBritane iya kurhweba ngokwemigaqo ye-WTO ukuba ayifikeleli kwisivumelwano samazwe amabini nala mazwe okanye imimandla.
Ngokwewebhusayithi karhulumente waseBritane, izivumelwano ezingama-29 ezigubungela amazwe okanye imimandla engama-58 zivuselelwe kwaye ziya kuqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1 okanye kwisiqingatha sokuqala sowama-2021. Amanye amazwe okanye imimandla eli-10 ayaxoxisana, kodwa uninzi lwazo ezibalulekileyo zigqityiwe.
E-Asia, nge-23 ka-Okthobha, iBritane neJapan zisayine ngokusesikweni isivumelwano sorhwebo olukhululekileyo lwamazwe amabini, Esi sisivumelwano sokuqala esikhulu sorhwebo esisayinwe yiBritane emva kweBrexit. IBritane ithi, Esi sivumelwano siza kukhulula i-99% yokuthunyelwa kwayo eJapan, urhwebo lwexesha elide lweBritane neJapan luya kunyuka nge-15.2 yeebhiliyoni zeepawundi ($19.9 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi). Esi sivumelwano siza kuvumela iBritane ukuba isuse kancinci kancinci irhafu yeemoto zaseJapan, irhafu yeemoto zaseJapan ziya kuba zero ngo-2026. Eli lungiselelo lifana nesivumelwano esikwiSivumelwano soRhwebo saseJapan-EU. IBritane inethemba lokufaka isicelo ngokusesikweni sobulungu kwiCPTPP enamalungu ali-11, ekuqaleni kuka-2021 iJapan iyamkela, kwaye iya kubonelela ngenkxaso efunekayo kwi-UK.
Ngomhla we-10 kweyoMnga, isivumelwano sorhwebo olukhululekileyo phakathi kweBritane neSingapore, Kwaye savuma ukuqalisa kunyaka ozayo," Isivumelwano soQoqosho lweDijithali sase-UK-Singapore ". Phantsi kwesivumelwano, iiNkampani eSingapore nase-UK ziya kufumana impatho efanayo neSivumelwano soRhwebo olukhululekileyo se-EU-Singapore (i-EUSFTA). Oku kuquka ukufikelela ngaphandle kwerhafu kurhwebo lweempahla, ukufikelela lula kwiinkonzo zazo kunye nemarike yokuthenga karhulumente, kunye nokunciphisa imiqobo engekho phantsi kwerhafu kwi-elektroniki, iimoto kunye neenxalenye ezinxulumene noko, iimveliso zamayeza kunye nezixhobo zonyango kunye namandla avuselelekayo. Emva kokuba i-FTA yase-UK-Singapore iqalile ukusebenza, iBritane iya kukhulula i-84% yempahla engeniswayo eSingapore, kulindeleke ukuba i-16% eseleyo irhoxiswe ngomhla wama-21 kweyeNkanga ngo-2024. ISingapore iya kugcina iimveliso zangoku zaseBritane ezithunyelwa eSingapore zingenarhafu.
Ngomhla we-11 kweyoMnga, isivumelwano sorhwebo olukhululekileyo phakathi kweBritane neVietnam, Njengoko kuvunyelwene ngazo zombini, Kwiminyaka esixhenxe ezayo (2027), Phakathi kwala mazwe mabini kuya kunciphisa kancinci iindleko zokungeniswa kwempahla ezingama-99%. Xa isivumelwano siphunyeziwe ngokupheleleyo, iVietnam iya kufumana i-£114 yezigidi ($151 yezigidi) kwintlawulo yokuthumela ngaphandle. IBritane iya konga i-36 yezigidi zeeponti kwiimpahla zayo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Isivumelwano samva nje seBritane siseKhanada. USekela-Nkulumbuso waseKhanada uFreeland ubhengeze nge-22 kaDisemba ngexesha lendawo ukuba iKhanada kunye ne-United Kingdom zisayine isivumelwano sexeshana sokuphepha "i-Brexit enzima" yaseBritane ebangelwa yimiba yerhafu. Esi sivumelwano silandela ngokusisiseko umxholo wesivumelwano sorhwebo saseKhanada neManyano yaseYurophu, esiqala ukusebenza nge-1 kaJanuwari 2021. Nje ukuba la mazwe mabini athethe ngesivumelwano esitsha sorhwebo, isivumelwano sexeshana siya kurhoxiswa.
Isilumkiso soRhwebo loSuku loNyaka oMtsha
I-China ibe ngumthombo omkhulu wokungenisa impahla e-UK okokuqala kwikota yesibini, ngokutsho kwedatha ekhutshwe kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-National Bureau of Statistics (ONS) namhlanje. Okokuqala kwikota yesibini, i-UK ingenise impahla engaphezulu evela eTshayina kunamanye amazwe athengisa impahla, i-ONS itshilo. Kwikota yesibini, isabelo se-UK sokungenisa impahla evela eTshayina sinyuke ukusuka kwi-8.6 ekhulwini kwikota yokuqala ukuya kwi-13.4 ekhulwini kwikota yesibini, apho ukungenisa impahla kufikelela kwi-11 yeebhiliyoni zeepawundi, enye kwezisixhenxe zaseBritane ezivela eTshayina.
Kwisiqingatha sokuqala salo nyaka, ngaphezulu kwekota yezixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye noomatshini baseBritane bangeniswe bevela eTshayina. E-UK ukungeniswa okuvela eTshayina, inani leemveliso ze-elektroniki, izixhobo zesandi kunye nezixhobo zaseofisini nalo liphezulu, ngaphezulu kwama-30 ekhulwini. Le ndlela ikwahambelana kakhulu nedatha yangaphambili. Izibalo zembali ze-ONS zibonisa ukuba ngo-2019, izixhobo ze-elektroniki, izixhobo zonxibelelwano, izixhobo zoomatshini baseofisini, impahla, ifenitshala njalo njalo zezona ntlobo ziphambili zeemveliso ezingeniswe eTshayina yi-United Kingdom.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, amazwe okanye imimandla engenasivumelwano samazwe amabini ne-UK iya kurhweba ngokwemithetho ye-WTO emva komhla woku-1 kweyoMqungu kunyaka ozayo.
Uvavanyo lokuqala lwabathumeli bangaphandle baseTshayina luvela kwisatifikethi.
IBritane iza kusebenzisa ngokusesikweni uphawu lwesatifikethi seBritish Conformity Assessment (UKCA) ukususela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2021. Ilogo ye-UKCA yilogo entsha yemveliso yase-UK eza kusetyenziselwa iimveliso ezithengiswa kwimarike yase-UK (eNgilane, eWales naseScotland), egubungela uninzi lweempahla ezazifuna ilogo ye-CE. Ilogo ye-UKCA ayisebenzi kwiimpahla ezithengiswa kwimarike yaseMntla Ireland.
Ukuphunyezwa kwelogo yaseBritane ye-UKCA, imfuneko yokuqala yokuqinisekiswa kwe-CE kweemveliso ezithunyelwa kwi-European Union nase-United Kingdom kuya kufuna isiqinisekiso se-CE kunye ne-UKCA, esinokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwixabiso leemveliso zeshishini, kufuneka sixhalatyiswe kakhulu.
Ukongeza, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phantsi kwenkqubo yokuqala yerhafu yomanyano lwe-European Union, iimpahla ezingenayo neziphumayo kwi-European Union azifuni ukurhoxiswa kwerhafu ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye neenkqubo zerhafu. Emva kwe-Brexit, iBritane kunye ne-European Union ziya kuba yinkqubo yokusebenza kwerhafu ezimeleyo, kwaye ukurhoxiswa kwerhafu yempahla kumacala omabini kuya kuba nzima kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Inkampani yokuthumela imithwalo i-ONE ikhuphe isaziso malunga namanqaku esibhengezo sokhuseleko esinxulumene ne-Brexit: zonke izinto ezingeniswayo nezithunyelwayo e-United Kingdom, ezidlula e-United Kingdom, i-ENS kufuneka zithunyelwe. Iimpahla ezisebhodini e-UK, i-ENS kufuneka zithunyelwe iiyure ezingama-48 ngaphambi kwenqanawa. Ngaphezu koko, i-UK Customs imisele iqonga lokhuseleko (S&S) lokufumana ulwazi lwe-ENS. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2021, i-British Customs iya kuqhubeka ifuna ingxelo ye-ENS yazo zonke iimpahla ezivela ngaphandle kwe-European Union ukuze zikhutshwe kwaye zihanjiswe kumazibuko aseBritane. Ukususela ngoJulayi 1, 2021, iimpahla ezivela ngaphakathi kwi-EU ukuya e-United Kingdom (ngaphandle kweNorthern Ireland) kufuneka zinyanzeliswe ingxelo ye-ENS.
Nceda uqaphele norhwebo lwe-e-commerce oluwela imida, kumazwe aseYurophu apho kukho imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, ingakumbi amashishini okungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle, inombolo yobhaliso ye-EORI efunekayo (ubhaliso lwabaqhubi bezoqoqosho kunye nenombolo yokuchonga- Ubhaliso lwabaqhubi bezoQoqosho kunye nokuchonga). Nje ukuba i-UK iphume ngokusemthethweni eYurophu, inombolo ye-EORI ekuqaleni kwe-UK GB iya kuphelelwa lixesha kwi-EU. Ukuba ufuna ukuba kwimarike ye-EU yase-UK, udinga inombolo ye-EORI kunye nenombolo ye-EORI ye-EU, inani lilonke leenombolo ze-EORI ezimbini.
I-British Customs ibhengeze ukuba uhlengahlengiso lwerhafu yeempahla ezingeniswa eBritane luza kuqala ngoJanuwari 1, 2021. Iimfuno ezithile zezi:
I-VAT ihlawulwa kuzo zonke izinto ezingeniswayo ezinexabiso elichaziweyo elingaphantsi kwe-135 (i-VAT). Umthetho omtsha werhafu ususa ukukhululwa kwirhafu yokuqala ekungenisweni kweempahla ezincinci, oko kukuthi, iimpahla ezinexabiso elichaziweyo elingadluli kwi-15, kwaye ngoku kufuneka zihlawule irhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo ngexabiso lerhafu lama-20.
Xa zonke iimpahla ezingeniswa e-UK zingamashishini, kufuneka inombolo yokuchonga ubhaliso lomqhubi wezoqoqosho (inombolo ye-EORI) kunye nenombolo ye-VAT (inombolo ye-VAT). Inombolo ye-EU EORI ayisayi kusebenza kwishishini lokungenisa nokuthumela impahla e-UK.
Ukuba umamkeli liqonga le-e-commerce (OMPs), iqonga le-e-commerce liya kuba noxanduva lokuqokelelwa kunye nokubalwa kwe-VAT. I-VAT kwiimpahla ezingenisiweyo ezithengiswe ngqo kubathengi baseBritane e-UK iya kuqhubeka nokubalwa ngabathengisi baphesheya ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqonga e-e-commerce (OMP); Kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa phesheya kwaye zithengiswa ngqo kubamkeli baseBritane ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqonga e-e-commerce (OMP), abathengisi baphesheya kuya kufuneka babhalise abaqhubi bezoqoqosho ngeenombolo zokuchonga (inombolo ye-EORI) kunye neenombolo ze-VAT (inombolo ye-VAT) kwaye bahlawule i-VAT kwiBritish Customs (HMRC). Ukuba umthengi wezorhwebo unobhaliso lwe-VAT e-UK kwaye inombolo yobhaliso lwe-VAT esebenzayo inikwe umthengisi, i-VAT iya kubalwa ngentlawulo yomthengi ebuyela umva.
Umthetho omtsha werhafu awusebenzi kwiintengiselwano ezingezizo ezorhwebo ezibandakanya iimpahla zerhafu (iicuba, utywala) okanye abantu abazimeleyo, ezisebenzisa imithetho ekhoyo, iinkcukacha zayo njengoko ziboniswe yiBritish Customs.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Jan-04-2021