Ngichithe ingxenye enkulu yeminyaka engamashumi amabili ngifaka izintambo kumaphaneli okulawula ezimboni, futhi uma kukhona into eyodwa engiyifundile, ukuthi umzuzu ngamunye ochithwa ekulweni nesikulufo esiqinile uchitha umzuzu. Lapho ngiqala ukuhlangana nasoAmabhulokhi e-terminal afakwa ku-DIN rail push-in, Bengingabaza — indlela yokusebenza kwe-spring-clamp ingaba kanjani ethembekile njengokuxhumeka kwesikulufu okuqinile? Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nambili namakhulu amaphaneli, sengishintshile, futhi ngifuna ukukukhombisa ukuthi kungani i-1000V-rated push-in terminal block manje isiyincazelo yami ezenzakalelayo yanoma yiliphi iphaneli yokulawula lapho i-voltage yesistimu idlula i-400V.

Kulesi sihloko, ngikhuluma ngezinto eziyisisekelo zobuchwepheshe be-terminal block, ukuthi kungani isilinganiso se-1000V sibalulekile ezindaweni zezimboni, inqubo yokuxhuma engenamathuluzi isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, ukuthi ungayikhetha kanjani i-block efanele yomklamo wephaneli yakho, kanye nezindinganiso ezifanele ezilawula lezi zingxenye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungunjiniyela kagesi ochaza izingxenye zephaneli noma umakhi wephaneli ofuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ngicabanga ukuthi uzothola okuthile okuwusizo lapha.

Iyini i-DIN Rail Push-In Terminal Block?

AIbhulokhi yesiteshi sokufaka isitimela se-DIN iyidivayisi yokuxhuma kagesi efakwa ku-DIN rail ejwayelekile (ngokuvamile engu-35 mm × 7.5 mm noma 35 mm × 15 mm) futhi isebenzisa indlela yesipilingi ukubopha ukufakwa kwentambo ngaphandle kokudinga i-screwdriver. Umklamo wokufaka ngaphakathi unembobo encane yokufaka eduze kwe-spring clamp — ususa intambo, uyifake ngqo embobeni, bese isipilingi sibamba ngokuzenzakalelayo umqhubi. Ukuze ukhulule intambo, usebenzisa ithuluzi elincane lokukhulula noma i-screwdriver ukuze uqalise indlela yokukhulula eduze kwembobo yokufaka.

Umehluko oyinhloko kwendabukoamabhlogo esiphetho se-screw-clamp kuyindlela yokusebenza kwe-spring-clamp. Ebhulokini le-screw-clamp, ucingo luqiniswa ngokuqinisa isikulufu esibamba umqhubi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukudlidliza kanye nokujikeleza kokushisa kungabangela ukuxhumeka kwezikulufu ukuthi kukhululeke — imodi yokwehluleka eyaziwayo ezindaweni zezimboni. Ama-terminal entwasahlobo acindezelayo asusa le ndlela yokusebenza yokwehluleka ngoba isikulufu sisebenzisa ingcindezi yokuxhumana engaguquki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zokushisa zinjani, futhi asikho isikulufu sokusikhulula.

I-Ningbo J-Guang Electronics, umkhiqizi owasungulwa ngo-2010 ogxile kumabhulokhi e-terminal kanye nezixhumi, ukhiqiza uhla lwe- Amabhulokhi e-terminal afakwa ku-DIN rail push-in kufaka phakathi uchungechunge lwabo lwe-JGTD kanye nezinhlobo ze-plug-in ze-PCT-211 engizichazile kumaphrojekthi amaningi ephaneli yokulawula. Ifektri yabo idlulile isitifiketi sokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ye-ISO 9001:2008, futhi imikhiqizo yabo inezimvume ze-SGS, ROHS, REACH, CE, CQC, kanye ne-UL — okunginika ukuzethemba lapho ngicacisa lezi zingxenye zamaphaneli okuthumela ngaphandle okumele ahlangabezane nezimfuneko zokuthobela imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukuqonda Isilinganiso se-1000V: Kungani Kubalulekile Kumaphaneli Okulawula Ezimboni

I-voltage elinganisiwe ye-terminal block yi-voltage ephezulu kakhulu idivayisi engayimelana nayo ngokuphephile ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola ezichaziwe. Kumaphaneli okulawula ezimboni, amazinga e-voltage ayahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokusetshenziswa:

• 24V DC / 24V AC: Amasekethe asezingeni lesiginali, izintambo zenzwa, amamojula we-PLC I/O. Ibhulokhi yesiphelo esilinganiselwe esingu-600V yanele kakhulu.
• I-AC engu-230V / 400V: Ama-feeder enjini ajwayelekile, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ngaphakathi kwephaneli. Lena yi-voltage yokusebenza evame kakhulu kumaphaneli ezimboni, futhi ibhulokhi elilinganiselwe elingu-600V kuya ku-1000V liyafaneleka.
• I-AC engu-480V: Ama-motor drive anamandla amakhulu, ama-amplifiers amakhulu e-servo. Kuleli zinga le-voltage, izidingo zokudonsa kanye nokususa phakathi kwabaqhubi ziba zibalulekile, futhi ngihlala ngicacisa isilinganiso esincane se-1000V.
• I-AC engu-690V: Izinjini eziqalayo zezimboni ezisindayo, ukuxhumana kwebha yamabhasi. Yilapho isilinganiso se-1000V siba khona esibalulekile — noma yini engaphansi kwesilinganiso se-1000V ibeka engcupheni ukukhishwa kwengxenye kanye nokwehluleka kokulandelela phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwephaneli.

IIsilinganiso se-1000V ihlinzeka ngesilinganiso sokuphepha esingaba ngu-45% ngaphezu kwe-voltage yokusebenza engu-690V emele umkhawulo ophezulu wokusatshalaliswa kwezigaba ezintathu zezimboni ezijwayelekile. Le silinganiso asiyona into engahleliwe — sibheka ama-voltage transients, ama-peak inrush currents, kanye nomphumela oqongelelekile wokukhishwa kwengxenye ezindaweni ezingcolisiwe noma ezinomswakama. I-IEC 61076-2-101: Izinga elijwayelekile lika-2012 Kwezixhumi eziyindilinga ze-M12 ezisetshenziswa ekulinganisweni kwenqubo yezimboni kanye nokulawula kuchaza izidingo zesixhumi esibonakalayo ezihambisana nesilinganiso samandla kagesi sebhulokhi yesiphelo — ikakhulukazi, amabanga okuhamba, amabanga okuvuleka, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokufakwa kokushisa okunquma isilinganiso samandla kagesi sanoma yisiphi isixhumi sikagesi esixhunyiwe kuphaneli yokulawula.

Into eyodwa engihlala ngiyihlola: isilinganiso se-voltage kumele sishiwo ku- izinga lokushisa elizungezile lapho iphaneli izosebenza khona. Abakhiqizi abaningi be-terminal block bashicilela izilinganiso ze-voltage ku-23°C, kodwa ku-55°C ambient (evamile ezindaweni ezivalekile zezimboni), isilinganiso se-voltage singadinga ukuncishiswa ngo-10% kuya ku-20%. Amashidi edatha ka-J-Guang ngokuvamile afaka i-derating curve, futhi ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ngihlola lokhu ngokumelene nezimo zangempela zesayithi ngaphambi kokuqedela ukukhetha ingxenye.

Ukuxhumanisa Izintambo Okungenamathuluzi: Inqubo Yokuxhumanisa Nge-Push-In Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo

Inqubo yokuxhuma i-push-in terminal block ilula, futhi ngemva kokuxhumeka okumbalwa kokuqala, iningi labasebenzi be-panel wire liyithola ishesha kune-screw clamping. Nansi inqubo engiyifundisayo kuwo wonke amaphaneli:

Isinyathelo 1: Khetha Usayizi Wentambo Ofanele

Amabhulokhi e-push-in alinganiselwe ama-gauge e-wire athile. Kumabhulokhi e-J-Guang's PCT-211 series DIN rail push-in terminal, izilinganiso ezijwayelekile zimbozaama-conductor aqinile kusukela ku-0.5 mm² kuya ku-2.5 mm² futhi ama-conductor alahlekile kusukela ku-0.5 mm² kuya ku-2.5 mm² ngama-ferrule. Ngihlala ngiqinisekisa ububanzi bezintambo obuqondile kusukela kudatha yomenzi ngoba amanye amabhlogo okucindezela awawamukeli ama-conductor e-fine-strand (Class5 noma Class 6) angenawo ama-ferrule — indlela yentwasahlobo ingacindezela ama-fine strands futhi inciphise ingcindezi yokuxhumana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isinyathelo 2: Hlubula Intambo Kubude Obufanele

Ukujula kokufakwa — ubude bomqhubi ongenalutho okudingeka kufakwe — kuvame ukuphawulwa endlini yebhulokhi yokugcina noma kuboniswe kushidi ledatha. Kumabhulokhi amaningi e-DIN rail push-in terminal, ubude bomcu buyi 8 mm kuya ku-12 mmNgisebenzisa isethi ye-wire stripper elungisekayo ebangeni eliqondile le-strip yebhulokhi ethile engiyixhumanisayo, futhi ngiqinisekisa ubude be-strip kuyo yonke i-wire batch entsha ekuqaleni kwe-shift ngayinye. Ubude be-strip obufushane kakhulu bubangela ukujula okunganele kokufakwa kanye nokuxhumeka okunamandla aphezulu; i-conductor ende kakhulu, futhi eveziwe ivele ngaphandle kwe-housing, idale ingozi yokushaqeka.

Isinyathelo 3: Faka Intambo — Akukho Ithuluzi Elidingekayo

Kuma-conductor aqinile kanye nama-conductor aboshwe kahle, ukufakwa akunawo amathuluzi ngempela. Ngibamba ucingo ngesandla esisodwa, ngifaka ingxenye ehlutshiwe ngqo embotsheni yokufaka, bese ngicindezela kuze kube yilapho ngizwa ukukhululwa kokumelana kwentwasahlobo njengoba izintambo zihlala ku-clamp. Indlela yentwasahlobo ibamba ucingo ngamandla okuxhumana avame ukuba ngu-8 N kuya ku-15 N ngokuxhumana ngakunye — okwanele ukuvikela ucingo ngaphandle kokulimaza imicu yomqhubi. Ngenxa yokuthi akukho skru okufanele ijikwe futhi akukho ncazelo ye-torque yokuqinisekisa, ikhwalithi yokuxhumana iyahambisana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani oxhuma iphaneli.

Isinyathelo 4: Qinisekisa Ukuxhumana

Ngemva kokufaka, nginikeza intambo ngayinye isivivinyo sokudonsa kancane — ukudonsa ngamandla angaba ngu-5 N kuya ku-10 N ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-spring grip ibambekile. Ngokwami, ukuxhumana okufanele kokucindezela ngeke kukhululeke ngaphansi kokuphathwa okuvamile. Uma intambo iphuma ngamandla okukhanya, kusho ukuthi igeyiji yentambo isemaphethelweni ebanga elilinganiselwe lebhulokhi noma ubude be-strip babunganele.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukukhululwa (Uma Kudingeka)

Ukuze ngikhulule ucingo kusuka ku-terminal yokusunduza, ngifaka i-screwdriver encane eyisicaba (ngokuvamile ububanzi be-blade obungu-2.0 mm kuya ku-2.5 mm) embobeni yokukhulula eseduze ne-port yokufaka, ngicindezele ngaphakathi ukuze ngiqalise ukukhululwa kwentwasahlobo, bese ngikhipha ucingo ngasikhathi sinye. Isenzo sokukhulula sithatha cishe imizuzwana emi-2 ngokuxhumeka ngakunye — kusashesha kakhulu kunokukhulula i-terminal yesikulufu, okudinga ukuthi i-screwdriver ibekwe kabusha futhi iqiniswe kabusha lapho ixhunywa kabusha.

Ukuqhathanisa i-Push-In vs. i-Screw-Clamp: Isikhathi Sokukhetha Ngasinye

Ngisebenzise ubuchwepheshe bobabili kakhulu, futhi ukukhetha phakathi kokucindezela kanye ne-screw-clamp akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Nansi ukuqhathanisa kwami ​​​​okusebenzayo ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwasensimini:

• Isivinini sokuxhuma izintambo: Ukufakwa kwe-Push-in kuphumelela ngokusobala. Ezifundweni zesikhathi esilawulwayo engizenzile, ukufakwa kwe-push-in kushesha ngesilinganiso esingu-30% kuya ku-40% ngokuxhumeka ngakunye uma umuntu osebenzisa izintambo eseqeqeshwa. Inzuzo ibonakala kakhulu kuma-conductor aqinile kanye nezintambo eziboshwe nge-ferrule - izinhlobo zezintambo ezivame kakhulu ekufakweni kwezintambo zephaneli yokulawula yezimboni.
• Ukuthembeka kokuxhumeka: Ama-push-in spring clamps amelana nokudlidliza futhi agcina ingcindezi yokuxhumana njalo ngokujikeleza kokushisa. Ukuxhumeka kwe-screw-clamp kungakhululeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma kungashintshwanga kahle. Ngoba angiqinisekisi ukuthi wonke amaphaneli akhiwe ngumakhi wesithathu azoba nokuqinisekiswa okufanele kwe-torque, ngithanda ukusunduza amaphaneli azobona ukudlidliza okuqhubekayo noma ukujikeleza kokushisa - okuyizinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zezimboni.
• Ukuhambisana kohlobo lwentambo: Amatheminali e-screw-clamp amukela izinhlobo eziningi zezintambo, kufaka phakathi ama-conductor e-fine-strand angenawo ama-ferrule. Amabhulokhi acindezelayo adinga ama-ferrule entanjeni e-stranded ezimweni eziningi. Kumaphaneli asebenzisa ama-conductor amaningi e-Class 5 noma Class 6 aguquguqukayo angenawo ama-ferrule, i-screw-clamp ingaba yisinqumo esisebenziseka kalula.
• Ukuguqulwa kwensimu: I-screw-clamp iyaphumelela lapha — ezimweni zasensimini lapho iphaneli ingashintshwa ochwepheshe abanamathuluzi alinganiselwe, i-screwdriver cishe iyatholakala njalo kanti ithuluzi lokukhulula i-push-in lingase lingabi khona. Ngicacisa i-screw-clamp yokuxhumeka okuxhunywe ngentambo yasensimini kumaphaneli lapho ngilindele khona izinguquko ezivame ukwenzeka.
• Izindleko: Amabhulokhi e-terminal afakwa ngaphakathi ngokuvamile abiza ngaphezulu ngo-10% kuya ku-30% ngebhulokhi ngayinye kunezinguqulo ezilinganayo ze-screw-clamp. Kwiphaneli enokuxhumeka okungu-200, lokhu kungangeza izindleko zezinto zokwakha ezingama-$200 kuya ku-$500 - okuyimali efanelekile yesivinini sokuxhuma izintambo kanye nezinzuzo zokuthembeka.

Izindinganiso Ezilawula Amabhulokhi Esitimela Sesitimela se-DIN: IEC 61076-2-101 kanye ne-UL 486A-486B

Uma ngichaza amabhlogo esiphetho samaphaneli okulawula ezimboni azothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ngihlala ngiqinisekisa ukumbozwa kwezindinganiso ezifanele. Izindinganiso ezimbili zibaluleke kakhulu kumabhlogo esiphetho se-DIN rail push-in:

I I-IEC 61076-2-101: Izinga elijwayelekile lika-2012 ichaza izidingo zomkhiqizo wezixhumi eziyindilinga ze-M12 ezisetshenziswa ekulinganisweni nasekulawuleni inqubo yezimboni. Nakuba le ndinganiso isebenza ngqo ezixhumini zezinzwa neze-actuator, izidingo zayo zokudonsa nokususa, izimiso zokuxhumanisa ukufakelwa, kanye nezindlela zokuhlola kubhekiselwa kakhulu embonini yezixhumi zezimboni ebanzi. Indinganiso icacisa izixhumi eziqinile nezikhululekile ezinezindlela zokukhiya izikulufo, ezinobubanzi bokuxhumana obungu-0.6 mm, 0.76 mm, 0.8 mm, kanye no-1.0 mm kuzo zonke izilungiselelo ezahlukene zokufaka ikhodi ezivimbela ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezixhumi ezingahambisani.

I Izindinganiso ze-UL 486A-486B ihlanganisa izixhumi zezintambo ezisetshenziswa ekufakweni kukagesi, futhi iyindinganiso eyinhloko ebhekiswa yi-UL lapho kuqinisekiswa amabhlogo wesiteshi emakethe yaseNyakatho Melika. Kumabhlogo wesiteshi anophawu lwe-UL, ukuhambisana ne-UL 486A-486B kusho ukuthi ibhloko lihlolwe amandla okuthwala ugesi, ukugcinwa kwentambo okuvikelekile ngaphansi kokucindezeleka komshini, kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa ngaphansi komthwalo. Uma ngichaza amabhlogo wesiteshi okuthunyelwa ezimakethe zaseNyakatho Melika noma kumaphaneli e-OEM azofakwa emishinini eqinisekiswe yizindinganiso ze-UL, ngicabanga kuphela ngamabhlogo anesitifiketi se-UL 486A-486B - yindlela esheshayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhloko lihlangabezana nezidingo zokuphepha eziqashelwayo.

Ukukhetha i-DIN Rail Push-In Terminal Block efanele yePhaneli Yakho

Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwami ​​​​kokucacisa nokusebenzisa amabhlogo we-DIN rail push-in terminal kuwo wonke amaphaneli okulawula ezimboni, nansi uhlu lokuhlola lokukhetha engilusebenzisayo kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi:

• Isilinganiso se-voltage: Okungenani i-1000V AC kunoma yiliphi iphaneli elisebenza ngaphezu kwe-400V AC; i-600V AC iyamukeleka kumaphaneli asezingeni lesiginali kanye nalawo anamandla aphansi.
• Isilinganiso samanje: Fanisa nomthamo oqhubekayo ophezulu womqhubi ovikelwe — ngokuvamile u-10A, 16A, 24A, noma u-32A kumabhulokhi esiteshi sesitimela esijwayelekile se-DIN. Yehlisa ngo-15% uma izinga lokushisa elingaphakathi kwesikhala lidlula u-45°C.
• Ububanzi bosayizi wentambo: Qinisekisa ukuthi ibhloko liyayamukela izilinganiso zentambo ezisetshenziswa kuphaneli yakho. Ukwamukelwa okuqinile, okuboshwe nge-ferrule, kanye nentambo encane kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokwehlukana.
• Inani lamazinga: Amabhulokhi ezinga elilodwa alula kakhulu; amabhulokhi ezinga eliphindwe kabili agcina isikhala sesitimela se-DIN kodwa ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuwafaka ucingo nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ngithanda izinga elilodwa kumaphaneli amaningi ajwayelekile kanye nezinga eliphindwe kabili kumaphaneli anesikhala esincane.
• Uhlobo lokuxhumana: Faka izintambo ezintsha (izintambo ezisheshayo); i-screw-clamp noma i-plugable yamaphaneli aguquliwe ensimini.
• Kudingeka izitifiketi: I-CE yezimakethe ze-EU, i-UL 486A-486B yeNyakatho Melika, i-ROHS kanye ne-REACH yokuthobela imithetho yezemvelo.
• Izesekeli: Izitobhi zesitimela se-DIN, amapuleti okuhlukanisa phakathi kwamaqembu kagesi, imigoqo ye-jumper yokuxhuma ibhasi, amathegi okuphawula ukuhlonza isekethe.

Amaphutha Okufaka Avamile Nendlela Yokuwagwema

Eminyakeni edlule, ngibone amaphutha afanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe kumaphaneli asebenzisa amabhlogo e-DIN rail push-in terminal. Nazi engizikhuluma ngazo zonke izithangami zangaphambi kokukhiqiza nethimba lokwakha amaphaneli:

• Ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwentambo olungalungile: Ama-conductor e-Class 5 noma e-Class 6 anezintambo ezincane afakwe ngaphandle kwama-ferrule angadala ukuxhumana okunamandla noma asebenze ngokukhululekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngiyaqinisekisa ukuthi imininingwane yezintambo ichaza ngokucacile izidingo zama-ferrule ezintambo ezivalekile, futhi ngiyaqinisekisa ukuthi ama-ferrule akhona ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwenqubo.
• Ubude bomugqa obungalungile: Kufushane kakhulu futhi uxhumano aluthembekile; i-conductor ende kakhulu futhi eveziwe idala ingozi yokuphepha. Ngibeka ama-wire strippers ku-specification eqondile ye-terminal block esetshenziswayo bese ngihlola i-setting ekuqaleni kwe-shift ngayinye.
• Ukuxuba amazinga kagesi ngaphandle kwamapuleti okuhlukanisa: Uma usebenzisa amabhlogo we-terminal amaningi anama-voltage ahlukene eceleni, i-partition plate phakathi kwamaqembu e-voltage ibalulekile ekugcineni izinga le-voltage. Ngihlala ngichaza ama-partition plate kuwo wonke umngcele weqembu le-voltage.
• Ukufaka izintambo eziningi ngokweqile ku-port eyodwa: Amabhulokhi amaningi okugcina afakwe ngaphakathi aklanyelwe ucingo olulodwa ngephothi ngayinye. Ukufaka izintambo ezimbili ukuze kwabelwane ngoxhumano kudala uxhumano olungathembekile futhi kwephula isitifiketi se-UL486A-486B. Ngoxhumano oluhlanganyelwe, ngisebenzisa ibha ye-jumper noma iphuzu elihlukile le-splice.
• Ukukhohlwa ukusebenzisa indlela yokukhulula: Ukuzama ukukhipha ucingo ngaphandle kokukhulula i-spring clamp kuqala kuyingozi yokulimaza ibhloko. Ngiyaqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu osebenzisa ucingo uyaqonda futhi ulandela inqubo yokukhipha ucingo yemizuzwana emibili.

Isiphetho

Amabhulokhi e-terminal e-DIN rail push-in alinganiselwe ku-1000V ayisinqumo esifanele samaphaneli amaningi okulawula ezimbonini asebenza ku-400V AC nangaphezulu, ngoba ahlinzeka ngenhlanganisela yesilinganiso se-voltage ephezulu, ukuthembeka kwe-spring-clamp okumelana nokudlidliza, kanye nesivinini sokuxhuma izintambo esingenamathuluzi esingatholakali kwezinye izindlela ze-screw-clamp. Isilinganiso se-1000V sinikeza isilinganiso sokuphepha esinengqondo ngaphezu kwama-voltage okusebenza ezimbonini angu-690V, kanti ubuchwepheshe be-spring-clamp buqeda imodi yokwehluleka kokukhulula izikulufo evame kakhulu kuma-terminal e-screw-clamp ngaphansi kokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwezimboni.

Uma ngikhetha amabhlogo e-terminal afakwayo ephaneli entsha, ngiyaqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwezinga lesixhumi le-IEC 61076-2-101 nezidingo ze-creepage kanye ne-clearance, futhi ngigcizelela isitifiketi se-UL 486A-486B sanoma yiliphi iphaneli eliya ezimakethe zaseNyakatho Melika. Izidingo zokuhambisana kwentambo - ikakhulukazi imfuneko ye-ferrule yama-conductor alahlekile - yimininingwane yemininingwane evame ukunganakwa, ngakho-ke ngihlala ngizibheka ngokucacile ezindinganisweni zentambo zephrojekthi. Ngokucaciswa okufanele nokufakwa, amabhlogo e-terminal afakwayo aletha izikhathi zokwakha amaphaneli ezisheshayo kanye nokuxhumeka okuthembekile kwesikhathi eside kunezinye izindlela ze-screw-clamp, yingakho ngizenze ukukhetha kwami ​​​​okuzenzakalelayo kwamaphrojekthi amasha ephaneli yokulawula yezimboni.

Xhumana Nathi - J-GUANG